Sialoconjugates and development of the tail bud

Development ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489
Author(s):  
C.M. Griffith ◽  
M.J. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Limulus Polyphemus ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Developmental Sequence ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Axial Development

Using lectin histochemistry, we have previously shown that there are alterations in the distribution of glycoconjugates in the tail bud of chick embryos that parallel the developmental sequence of the caudal axis. If glycoconjugates or the cells bearing them play a role in caudal axial development, then, restriction of their availability by binding with lectins would be expected to produce abnormalities of caudal development. In the present study, we treated embryos at various stages of tail bud development by microinjection with a variety of lectins. Administration of WGA by sub-blastodermal injection resulted in high incidences of secondary neural tube and notochordal abnormalities in lectin-treated embryos. The incidence of malformations was dependent upon both the dose of WGA received and the stage of development at the time of treatment. Using an anti-WGA antibody, we have also shown binding of the lectin in regions where defects were found. The lectin WGA binds to the sialic acid residues of glycoconjugates and to N-acetylglucosamine. Treatment of embryos with Limulus polyphemus lectin (LPL), which also binds to sialic acid, produced results similar to those of WGA. Treatments using lectins with other sugar-binding specificities, including succinylated WGA (with N-acetylglucosamine specificity only) produced defects that differed from those produced by WGA and LPL, and only with the administration of much higher doses. The results suggest that glycoconjugates in general and sialoconjugates in particular, or the cells carrying them, may have a role in caudal axial development.

Interspecific variation of zona pellucida glycoconjugates in several species of marsupial

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Chapman ◽  
OW Wiebkin ◽  
WG Breed
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Zona Pellucida ◽  
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Lectin Histochemistry ◽  
Sialic Acids ◽  
Arachis Hypogea ◽  
Marsupial Species ◽  
Similar Intensity

The zona pellucida glycoconjugate content of several marsupial species was investigated using differential lectin histochemistry. Ovaries from fat-tailed dunnarts, a southern brown bandicoot, grey short-tailed opossums, brushtail possums, ringtail possums, koalas and eastern grey kangaroos were fixed, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned and stained with ten fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins. Sections were also incubated with either neuraminidase or saponified, respectively, before incubation with the lectins to identify saccharide residues masked by sialic acids or O-acetyl groups on sialic acids. The zonae pellucidae surrounding the oocytes of the marsupials demonstrated interspecific variation in glycoconjugate content, with mannose-containing glycoconjugates exhibiting the greatest variation. Some of the zona pellucida glycoconjugates of all species, except those of the opossums, were masked by sialic acid with an increase in fluorescence with lectins from Arachis hypogea (PNA), and Glycine max (SBA), after desialylation. The disaccharide beta-galactose(1-4)N-acetyl-D-glucosamine appeared to be conformationally masked by O-acetyl groups of sialic acids in the zonae pellucidae of all species, with an increase in fluorescence with the lectin from Erythrina cristagalli (ECA), after saponification. Similar intensity and localization of beta-(1-4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, as shown by staining of the lectin from Triticum vulgaris (WGA), to the inner and outer regions of the zona pellucida, were found to those reported in eutherian species. WGA fluorescence became uniform throughout the zonae pellucidae after saponification, indicating differential O-acetylation of sialic acids on the internal compartment of the zonae pellucidae.

N-CAM, polysialic acid and chick tail bud development

1991 ◽  
Vol 183 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C.May Griffith ◽  
MichaelJ. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Polysialic Acid ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Bud Development

Notochord to endoderm signaling is required for pancreas development

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4243-4252 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.K. Kim ◽  
M. Hebrok ◽  
D.A. Melton
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Pancreas Development ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Carboxypeptidase A ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Dorsal Pancreas ◽  
Stepwise Manner

The role of the notochord in inducing and patterning adjacent neural and mesodermal tissues is well established. We provide evidence that the notochord is also required for one of the earliest known steps in the development of the pancreas, an endodermally derived organ. At a developmental stage in chick embryos when the notochord touches the endoderm, removal of notochord eliminates subsequent expression of several markers of dorsal pancreas bud development, including insulin, glucagon and carboxypeptidase A. Pancreatic gene expression can be initiated and maintained in prepancreatic chick endoderm grown in vitro with notochord. Non-pancreatic endoderm, however, does not express pancreatic genes when recombined with the same notochord. The results suggest that the notochord provides a permissive signal to endoderm to specify pancreatic fate in a stepwise manner.

Changes in protein during development of Triturus embryos

Development ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-659
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Imoh ◽  
Tsutomu Minamidani
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Stage Of Development

The present paper reports basic data on DNA content, protein content, and protein synthesis in Triturus pyrrhogaster embryos during development from cleavage to the hatching stage. Except for measurements of DNA and total protein contents, embryos were labeled with sodium carbonate-14C for 10 h and fractionated into embryonic cell components, i.e. cytoplasmic mass, yolk and pigment granules, and nuclei, in a discontinuous density gradient of sucrose. The protein content and the radioactivity incorporated into protein were measured in each fraction. Those fractions combining protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3 and in 0·25 N-HCl were further studied with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the newt embryo, four stages of active DNA increase were observed when cultured at constant temperature; they were gastrula, neurula, late tail-bud, and before-hatching stages. Total protein per embryo decreased from 3 to 2 mg during the development studied. The content of cytoplasmic soluble protein per embryo was low and constant throughout development. Synthesis of the fraction was observed at the earliest stage of development studied though the rate was not high and specific activity of the soluble protein increased during development. Qualitative changes in the newly synthesized protein were observed. With the yolk fraction, synthesis of protein, other than from probable contamination with the cytoplasmic fraction, was not detected and a detailed description was omitted. Changes were observed at two stages of development in the synthesis of nuclear protein soluble in buffer at pH 8·3, the first at gastrulation and the second at late tail-bud stage. The change at gastrulation seemed to be the start of syntheses of the nuclear soluble proteins, while quantitative enhancement rather than qualitative change was noticed at late tail-bud stage. Most of the nuclear protein soluble in 0·25 N-HCI was histone. The histone content increased in accordance with increase in the DNA content and the rate of DNA accumulation was accompanied by proportionate incorporation of radioactivity into histone. Among histone fractions, unique behaviour of the very lysine-rich histone was observed. The availability of [14C]sodium carbonate in rough estimations of protein synthesis in embryos and significance of the data obtained have been discussed.

The Effect of a Temperature Gradient on the Early Development of the Frog

1928 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-336
Author(s):  
I. L. DEAN ◽  
M. E. SHAW ◽  
M. A. TAZELAAR
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Tail Bud ◽  
Animal Cells ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Animal Pole ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Permanent Effect ◽  
Two Sides

1. Temperature gradients were passed through the developing frog's egg and embryos. These gradients were applied either (a) apico-basally, when they were either (i) adjuvant, or (ii) antagonistic to the egg's own main gradient; or (b) transversely to the egg's main axis--lateral gradients. 2. (a) By this means considerable modification of segmentation and of cell size was induced, and was especially marked in the mid-blastula. Adjuvant gradients accentuated the normal differences in cell size between the animal and vegetative poles. Antagonistic gradients produced a double gradient in cell size, the smallest cells being in the region of the equator, and animal cells, in extreme cases, larger than yolk cells. (b) Several cases of the non-formation or obliteration of the blastocoel were obtained by all methods of treatment. (c) Too high temperature with adjuvant gradient produced inhibition at the animal pole, the large retarded cells being very sharply marked off from the surrounding small cells. (d) Lateral gradients produced a great difference in cell size on the two sides of the eggy and, as in the cases of "inhibition," a sharp line of demarcation may appear between the large cells of the cooled side and the small cells of the heated side. (e) When two sets of exactly similar eggs were treated simultaneously in opposite ways, then those subjected to the adjuvant gradient were always, at the close of the experiment, at a more advanced stage of development than those subjected to an antagonistic gradient. Because of this the yolk cells of the "adjuvant" eggs were smaller than those of the "antagonistic" eggs, although the former were cooled and the latter heated. (f) There seems to be a slight permanent effect of the gradient applied during segmentation. Eggs treated with antagonistic gradient tend to develop into microcephalous tadpoles and vice versa. 3. (a) Antagonistic gradients during gastrulation cause a reduction of the gastrular angle. (For definition see Bellamy (1919).) (b) Antagonistic gradient causes the eggs to gastrulate sooner than adjuvant eggs under exactly similar experimental conditions. (c) In the neurula stage the differential effect of the gradient is seen in the inhibition of the head and dorsal region in those subjected to antagonistic gradient, and inhibition of tail and ventral region in those subjected to adjuvant gradient. (d) Whether this alteration of relative sizes of head and tail regions is maintained in later development has not yet been ascertained. (e) Eggs exposed to lateral gradients in all stages of gastrulation showed marked asymmetries, some of which were apparently regulated later, while others persisted till the death of the tadpole. 4. Side-to-side treatment in the tail bud stage caused the development of marked asymmetry as the result of differential growth of the two sides. As in the case of 3 (e) some tadpoles appeared to regulate back to normal, whereas others remained markedly asymmetrical till death.

A decay of gap junctions in association with cell differentiation of neural retina in chick embryonic development

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-596
Author(s):  
H. Fujisawa ◽  
H. Morioka ◽  
K. Watanabe ◽  
H. Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Neural Retina ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pigmented Epithelium ◽  
Membrane Region

Ultrastructural studies of thin-sectioned and freeze-cleaved materials were performed on developing retinal tissues of 3- to 9-day-old chick embryos to clarify the junctional structures between neural retinal cells and between neural retinal cells and cells of the pigmented epithelium. Frequency, size and position of gap junctions in developing neural retina are different at each stage of development. In 3-day-old embryos, some cells adhere to each other by gap junctions immediately below the outer limiting membrane of neural retinae. The size and number of gap junctions increase remarkably during 5–6 days of incubation. In this period of development, well developed gap junctions consisting of subcompartments of intramembrane particles are found between cell surfaces at both the outer limiting membrane region and the deeper portion of the neural retina. Gap junctions disappear thereafter, and at 7-5 days of incubation, small gap junctions are predominant between cell surfaces at the outer limiting membrane region, while the frequency of gap junctions in the deeper portion is very low. At 9 days of incubation, gap junctions are rarely found. Typical gap junctions are always found between neural retinal cells and those of the pigmented epithelium in embryos up to 7-5 days of incubation. Tight junctions are not found in the neural retina or between neural retina and pigmented epithelium throughout the stages examined.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Buddingh ◽  
Alice D. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Stage Of Development

1. A strain of meningococci obtained directly from the spinal fluid of a patient has been propagated in serial passage in 10 to 12 day old chick embryos without change in its essential characteristics. 2. The chick embryo is susceptible to infection with the meningococcus, and, depending on its stage of development, reacts to the infection with more or less specific lesions. 3. In chick embryos of 15 days incubation, following the utilization of definite portals of entry, such as the nasopharynx, or by inoculation of the amniotic fluid or by inoculation of the body wall, the meningococcus is localized in specific areas, namely in the cranial sinuses, the lungs or meninges, or in all of these areas. 4. The lesions of the meningococcus infection in man, a septicemia, sinusitis, pneumonia and meningitis can be reproduced in the chick embryo by choosing embryos at the proper state of development and utilizing the various portals of entry experimentally available.

Studies on the control of fatty acid oxidation in liver preparations from chick embryos

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Koerker ◽  
I. B. Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Liver Slices ◽  
Hepatic Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity

The characteristics and developmental pattern of the metabolic pathway for fatty acid oxidation were investigated in liver slices and mitochondria prepared from chick embryos of varying ages. In 8-day-old chick embryos, hepatic fatty acid oxidation was readily measurable. The incorporation of labelled palmitate into CO2 was increased twofold by carnitine in liver slices of 8-day-old chick embryos but by nearly sixfold to tenfold in tissues prepared from 10- or 12-day-old embryos. A similar increase was seen in the degree of augmentation of ketogenesis induced by carnitine in liver slices prepared from the 10-day-old embryo, suggesting an increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity in liver cells during the stage of development from 8 to 10 days. Palmitoyl-CoA was not metabolized in the absence of carnitine, whereas the palmitoyl portion of palmitoylcarnitine readily supported respiration by embryonic chick liver mitochondria. In the presence of adequate amounts of albumin, good respiratory control was evident.The administration of glucose to chick eggs which had previously been incubated for approximately 4.5 days resulted in changes in the metabolism of embryos killed 5 days later, which indicated that tissues of the chick embryo were capable of integrative metabolic adaptations in response to changes in substrate supply.

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