scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Buddingh ◽  
Alice D. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Stage Of Development

1. A strain of meningococci obtained directly from the spinal fluid of a patient has been propagated in serial passage in 10 to 12 day old chick embryos without change in its essential characteristics. 2. The chick embryo is susceptible to infection with the meningococcus, and, depending on its stage of development, reacts to the infection with more or less specific lesions. 3. In chick embryos of 15 days incubation, following the utilization of definite portals of entry, such as the nasopharynx, or by inoculation of the amniotic fluid or by inoculation of the body wall, the meningococcus is localized in specific areas, namely in the cranial sinuses, the lungs or meninges, or in all of these areas. 4. The lesions of the meningococcus infection in man, a septicemia, sinusitis, pneumonia and meningitis can be reproduced in the chick embryo by choosing embryos at the proper state of development and utilizing the various portals of entry experimentally available.

Limb development in the polydactylous talpid3 mutant of the fowl

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-404
Author(s):  
J. R. Hinchliffe ◽  
D. A. Ede
Keyword(s):  
Limb Development ◽  
Vertebral Column ◽  
Autosomal Recessive ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Feather Follicle ◽  
Recessive Genes

The three groups of abnormal chick embryos known as talpids show a common pattern of remarkably widespread pleiotropic abnormalities, thought to represent the homozygous expression of one or other of three autosomal recessive genes, symbolized respectively as ta1, ta2, ta3. Ede & Kelly (1964 a, b) described in detail the abnormalities of the talpid3 embryos (ta3/ta3), which are essentially similar to those in Cole's talpid (ta1/ta1) (Inman, 1946), while homozygotes for talpid2 (Abbott, Taylor & Abplanalp, 1960) survive longer and, unlike the others, have relatively normal heads. All three possess at 11 days the following trunk abnormalities: (1) a shortening of the vertebral column accompanied by much fusion of adjacent vertebrae; (2) failure of cartilage replacement by bone; (3) substantial subcutaneous oedema and failure of the body wall to close ventrally round the viscera; (4) abnormal feather follicle formation; and (5) polydactyly in the shortened limbs. In the head of ta1/ta1 and ta3/ta3 embryos both the eyes and the maxillary processes are drawn together in the midline.

scholarly journals Pre-Incubation and its Effect on the Development and Malformations of The Chick Embryo

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
L. Janikovičová ◽  
Z. Demčišáková ◽  
L. Luptáková ◽  
Petrovová E
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Hatching Eggs ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of eggs stored with and without pre-incubation on chick embryos with emphasis on: embryo body, heart weight, malformations, and mortality. For this study, a total of 120 chick embryos were divided into three groups, based on the length of storage before hatching (3, 7 and 10 days). Observations of the weight of chick embryo bodies, chick embryo hearts, and the level of mortality and appearance of malformations were noted. With an increase in days stored, the chick embryo’s weight decreased. The pre-incubation period had a positive effect on the weight of chick embryo, and chick hearts. Malformations, including: hydrocephalus, open body cavity and underdeveloped wings, were observed in all three groups, with the highest proportion seen in the pre-incubated hatching eggs stored for 10 days; this group also displayed the highest level of mortality. Non-pre-incubated eggs showed the most promise with better results in all experimental groups. In conclusion, the research suggests the optimal storage for chick embryos to be 3 days, with lowest levels of mortality, malformations and limited effects on the body and heart weight.

Ultrastructure of Blood Vessels of the Area Pellucida of Control and X-irradiated Chick Embryos

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Sanderson ◽  
S. Phyllis Steamer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

The chick embryo exposed to lethal doses of ionizing radiations develops a fatal circulatory failure within a few hours. This report describes the blood vessels of the area pellucida (a part of the extra-embryonic membranes of the chick embryo) and the effect of 250 kVp x-radiation upon them.Three-day chick embryos, x-irradiated in ovo with 1000-1200 R, were fixed 1-2 hours after exposure. The area pellucida is a multi-layered membrane consisting of ectoderm, somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, and endoderm (Fig. 1). The vascular system arises from the splanchnic mesoderm. The walls of small and medium-sized vessels are composed of endothelial cells, an occasional pericyte and processes of adjacent mesenchyme cells. Types of vessels cannot be distinguished at this stage of development; a basement membrane is seen only in isolated areas. The wall appears double or triple-layered, but the endothelium is frequently less than 0.1 micron thick (Fig. 2). Endothelial cells contain a large complement of polyribosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, pinocytotic vesicles and several kinds of inclusion bodies. The nucleus has a well-defined nucleolus.

scholarly journals THE PATHOGENESIS OF MENINGOCOCCUS MENINGITIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO

1939 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. John Buddingh ◽  
Alice D. Polk
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
The Body ◽  
Amniotic Cavity ◽  
Bacteriological Analysis ◽  
Direct Extension

1. A microscopic and bacteriological analysis of the meningitis produced in the chick embryo following inoculation of meningococci into the body wall or into the amniotic cavity indicates that the meninges are invaded by way of the blood stream. 2. There is no indication that a direct extension of the infection by way of the middle ear, the cranial sinuses or the pia-arachnoid sheath of the olfactory nerves to the meninges takes place.

scholarly journals OBSERVATIONS ON FIBRILLOGENESIS IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO WITH THE AID OF SILVER IMPREGNATION

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Wassermann ◽  
L. Kubota
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Silver Impregnation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Impregnation Technique ◽  
Microscopic Demonstration ◽  
Neutral Formalin ◽  
Electron Microscopic Demonstration

A technique is described which combines silver impregnation and ultrathin sectioning for the electron microscopic demonstration of fibrils in the connective tissue of the chick embryo. The electron micrographs presented in this paper provide evidence for the specificity and completeness of the silver-impregnation technique. It has been shown that, in this particular tissue after fixation in neutral formalin and at the stage of development represented by our material, the argyrophil fibers are embedded in a material which is continuous with the body of the fibroblasts.

scholarly journals Memoirs: On the Development of the ‘Enteronephric’ type of Nephridial system found in Indian Earthworms of the genus Pheretima’

1922 ◽  
Vol s2-66 (261) ◽  
pp. 49-103
Author(s):  
KARM NARAYAN BAHL
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Lateral Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Common Origin ◽  
Advanced Stage ◽  
Dorsal Vessel ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Excretory Canals

1. The three kinds of nephridia--integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal--appear at successive stages of development of the embryo; the integumentary preceding the septal and pharyngeal, both of which develop simultaneously. 2. All the three kinds can be traced back to the original row of nephridial cells of ectodermal origin. Thus all the different nephridia are ultimately derived from one common origin. 3. The primary pair of integumentary nephridia are the first to appear from a ‘retro-peritoneal’ group of cells. The rudiments lack the ‘funnel-cell’, and consequently a ‘coolomic’ funnel is never developed in these nephridia. They open to the exterior on the body-wall. 4. These primary integumentary nephridia do not appear in the same position in successive segments of the embryo, but are irregularly distributed all over the body-wall. 5. The septal primary nephridia can be traced back to a group of nephridial cells, including the ‘funnel-cell’, which make their way into each septum between its two adjoining peritoneal lamellae. 6. The primary septal nephridia have always a well-developed pre-septal funnel, and appear along a straight line on both sides of the dorsal vessel. They appear after the primary integumentary pair has reached a fairly advanced stage of development. 7. The secondary nephridia of both the integumentary and septal types are not budded off from the primary nephridia, but the rudiments of all have a common origin and separate early. They resemble the primaries in every respect, except that in the case of the septal secondaries the funnel is either pre-septal or post-septal. 8. The terminal ducts of the primary septal nephridia form the dorsal portions of the septal excretory canals on the septa, and the canals of both sides form the supra-intestinal duct on meeting the mid-dorsal line above the gut. The segmontal ductules establishing a communication between the supraintestinal duct and the lumen of the gut appear soon after the formation of the supra-intestinal ducts. 9. The primary pharyngeal nephridia of the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments develop from a ‘retro-peritoneal’ group of cells like the integumentary ones, and have long ducts reaching the wall of the pharynx. Secondary nephridia are formed as successive buds on the ducts, anterior to the primary nephridia. 10. The possible phylogenetic stages in the evolution of the ‘enteronephric’ type of nephridia are as follows : (1) the severance of the connexion between the septal funnel and the body of the nephridium; (2) migration of the severed portion, i. e. the ‘funnel-cell’, together with some other nephridial cells from a ventral to a lateral position in the embryo ; (3) the growth of this severed portion into a septal nephridium and the acquisition by the latter of an opening into the gut; (4) the elongation of the terminal ducts of all septal nephridia towards the mid-dorsal line (induced by the course of commissural vessels) and the formation of continuous supra-intestinal ducts. It is problematic whether the severance of the connexion between the funnel and the body of the nephridium took place before or after the connexion of the nephridium with the gut.

Otoconia formation in the chick embryo

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 572-573
Author(s):  
C.D. Fermin ◽  
M. Igarashi
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Behavior ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Basic Fuchsin ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
Sensory Epithelia ◽  
Transmission Electron

Otoconia are microscopic geometric structures that cover the sensory epithelia of the utricle and saccule (gravitational receptors) of mammals, and the lagena macula of birds. The importance of otoconia for maintanance of the body balance is evidenced by the abnormal behavior of species with genetic defects of otolith. Although a few reports have dealt with otoconia formation, some basic questions remain unanswered. The chick embryo is desirable for studying otoconial formation because its inner ear structures are easily accessible, and its gestational period is short (21 days of incubation).The results described here are part of an intensive study intended to examine the morphogenesis of the otoconia in the chick embryo (Gallus- domesticus) inner ear. We used chick embryos from the 4th day of incubation until hatching, and examined the specimens with light (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The embryos were decapitated, and fixed by immersion with 3% cold glutaraldehyde. The ears and their parts were dissected out under the microscope; no decalcification was used. For LM, the ears were embedded in JB-4 plastic, cut serially at 5 micra and stained with 0.2% toluidine blue and 0.1% basic fuchsin in 25% alcohol.

Reproductive Organ Education for Psychic Health Development of Early Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Darwati
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
The Body ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
Stage Of Development

Reproductive  health education should be given since early childhood by using language that is adapted to the stage of development. If you procrastinate and wait until the teenager it is already too late because in the days of the digital era, as now, all the information can be easily accessed by anyone including children early age. If the early childhood misinformed about their reproductive organs it would disrupt the physical and psychological development due to the wrong behavior in caring for and maintaining reproductive organs. Qur’an as the holy book of Muslims describes the steps of reproduction and  imparting education wisely as well as how to apply such education. This kind of education must be in accordance with the conditions of children and there should not be a lie about it We can also use media and methods such as pictures, songs, tap or other visual  media which can give clearer information, so that children can clearly see parts of the body, their characteristics, and how to treat and care them. The impropriate approach in conveying this kind of knowledge will be very dangerous for children. The provision of early age reproductive organs education can prevent the occurrence of deviant behavior as well as protect children from dangerous influence in early childhood development.

Lymphangiomatosis of the Body Wall: A Report of Two Cases Associated with Chylothorax and Fatal Outcome

1997 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Moerman ◽  
Chris Van Geet ◽  
Hugo Devlieger
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
The Body
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