scholarly journals Chicken homeobox gene Msx-1: structure, expression in limb buds and effect of retinoic acid

Development ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yokouchi ◽  
K. Ohsugi ◽  
H. Sasaki ◽  
A. Kuroiwa
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Northern Analysis ◽  
Limb Buds

A chicken gene carrying a homeobox highly homologous to the Drosophila muscle segment homeobox (msh) gene was isolated and designated as Msx-1. Conceptual translation from the longest ORF gave a protein of 259 amino acids lacking the conserved hexapeptide. Northern analysis detected a single 2.6 kb transcript. As early as day 2 of incubation, the transcript was detected but was not found in adult tissue. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that Msx-1 expression is closely related to a particular mesenchymal cell lineage during limb bud formation. In early stage embryos, Msx-1 was expressed in the somatopleure. When primordial mesenchyme cells for limb bud were generated from the Wolffian ridge of the somatopleure, Msx-1 expression began to diminish in the posterior half of the limb bud then in the presumptive cartilage-forming mesenchyme. In developing limb buds, remarkable expression was seen in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which is responsible for the sustained outgrowth and development of the limb. The Msx-1 transcripts were found in the limb mesenchymal cells in the region covering the necrotic zone and ectodermal cells overlying such mesenchymal cells. Both ectodermal and mesenchymal expression in limb bud were rapidly suppressed by local treatment of retinoic acid which can generate mirror-image duplication of digits. This indicates that retinoic acid alters the marginal presumptive non-cartilage forming mesenchyme cell lineage through suppression of Msx-1 expression.

Vitamin A alters the internal viscosity of fragments of limb-bud mesenchyme

Development ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-339
Author(s):  
T. E. Kwasigroch ◽  
D. M. Kochhar
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Mouse Limb ◽  
Vitamin A Acid ◽  
Internal Viscosity ◽  
Fusion Experiments

Two techniques were used to examine the effect of vitamin A compounds (vitamin A acid = retinoic acid and vitamin A acetate) upon the relative strengths of adhesion among mouse limb-bud mesenchymal cells. Treatment with retinoic acid in vivo and with vitamin A acetate in vitro reduced the rate at which the fragments of mesenchyme rounded-up when cultured on a non-adhesive substratum, but these compounds did not alter the behavior of tissues tested in fragment-fusion experiments. These conflicting results indicate that the two tests measure different activities of cells and suggest that treatment with vitamin A alters the property(ies) of cells which regulate the internal viscosity of tissues.

On the nature and the structure of the calcareous corpuscles in Taenia saginata

Parasitology ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 153-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Chowdhury ◽  
B. Dasgupta ◽  
H. N. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Taenia Saginata ◽  
Histochemical Evidence

There is histochemical evidence for the presence of calcium, glycogen, simple proteins and alkaline phosphatase in the calcareous corpuscles occurring in the parenchyma of Taenia saginata. A distinct Feulgen-positive reaction is seen in most of these corpuscles. The material yielding this positive reaction is apparently derived from the nucleus of certain mesenchymal cells from which these corpuscles supposedly originate. In some corpuscles, which are probably at the early stage of formation, the nucleus of such a mesenchymal cell is clearly seen adhering to the surface of the corpuscle. The identity of the nucleus of such cells is apparently lost in the fully formed corpuscle. Each corpuscle has a concentric appearance and is probably formed in successive layers.

Evidence that the nerve controls molecular identity of progenitor cells for limb regeneration

Development ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-573
Author(s):  
D.M. Fekete ◽  
J.P. Brockes
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Growth Zone ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Molecular Identity

Adult urodele amphibians can regenerate their limbs after amputation by a process that requires the presence of axons at the amputation plane. Paradoxically, if the limb develops in the near absence of nerves (the ‘aneurogenic’ limb) it can subsequently regenerate in a nerve-independent fashion. The growth zone (blastema) of regenerating limbs normally contains progenitor cells whose division is nerve-dependent. A monoclonal antibody that marks these nerve-dependent cells in the normal blastema does not stain the mesenchymal cells of developing limb buds and only stains the amputated limb bud when axons have reached the plane of amputation. This report shows that the blastemal cells of the regenerating aneurogenic limb also fail to react with the antibody in situ. These data suggest that the blastemal cells arising during normal regeneration have been altered by the nerve. This regulation may occur either at the time of amputation (when the antigen is expressed) or during development (when the limb is first innervated).

Evidence that Shh cooperates with a retinoic acid inducible co-factor to establish ZPA-like activity

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Ogura ◽  
I.S. Alvarez ◽  
A. Vogel ◽  
C. Rodriguez ◽  
R.M. Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Sonic Hedgehog ◽  
Embryonal Carcinoma ◽  
Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Embryonal Carcinoma Cell ◽  
Embryonal Carcinoma Cell Line ◽  
Vertebrate Limb

Patterning across the anteroposterior axis of the vertebrate limb bud involves a signal from the polarizing region, a small group of cells at the posterior margin of the bud. Retinoic acid (RA; Tickle, C., Alberts, B., Wolpert, L. and Lee, J. (1982) Nature 296, 554–566) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh; Riddle, R. D. Johnson, R. L., Laufer, E. and Tabin, C. J. (1993) Cell 25, 1401–1416; Chang, D. T., Lopez, A., von Kessler, D. P., Chiang, C., Simandl, B. K., Zhao, R., Seldin, M. F., Fallon, J. F. and Beachy, P. A. (1994 Development 120, 3339–3353) have been independently postulated as such signals because they can mimic the mirror image digit duplication obtained after grafting polarizing cells to the anterior of limb buds. Here we show that a embryonal carcinoma cell line, P19, transfected with a Shh expression vector shows low polarizing activity, but when cultured with retinoic acid, duplications like those induced by the polarizing region (ZPA) arise. Complete duplications are also obtained by cotransfecting P19 Shh cells with a constitutively active human retinoic acid receptor (VP16-hRARalpha). These data suggest that Shh and RA cooperate in generating ZPA activity and that Shh, while essential, may not act alone in this process.

Mesenchyme-mediated effects of retinoic acid during rat intestinal development

1997 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1227-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Plateroti ◽  
J.N. Freund ◽  
C. Leberquier ◽  
M. Kedinger
Keyword(s):  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Cell Polarization ◽  
Cell Interactions ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Intestinal Development

In previous experiments we showed that intestinal development was dependent upon epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of retinoic acid (RA), a morphogenetic and differentiating agent, on the gut epithelial-mesenchymal unit. For this purpose we first analyzed the effects of a physiological dose of RA on 14-day fetal rat intestine using short-term organ culture experiments, or long-term grafts under the skin of nude mice. In these conditions, RA accelerated villus outgrowth and epithelial cell differentiation as assessed by the onset of lactase expression, and it also stimulated muscle and crypt formation. In order to analyze potential effects of RA mediated by mesenchymal cells, we isolated and characterized gut mucosa mesenchyme-derived cell cultures (mesenchyme-derived intestinal cell lines, MIC). These cells were shown to express mRNAs for retinoid binding proteins similar to those expressed in situ in the intestinal mesenchyme. MIC cells co-cultured with 14-day intestinal endoderms promoted endodermal cell adhesion and growth, and the addition of exogeneous RA enhanced epithelial cell polarization and differentiation assessed by cytokeratin and lactase immunostaining. Such a differentiating effect of RA was not observed on endodermal cells when cultured without a mesenchymal feeder layer or maintained in conditioned medium from RA-treated MIC cells. In the co-cultures, immunostaining of laminin and collagen IV with polyclonal antibodies, as well as alpha1 and beta1 laminin chains mRNAs (analyzed by RT-PCR) increased concurrently with the RA-enhanced differentiation of epithelial cells. It is worth noting that this stimulation by RA was also obvious on the mesenchymal cells cultured alone. These results show that RA plays a role in intestinal morphogenesis and differentiation. In addition, they indicate that RA acts on the mesenchymal cell phenotype and suggest that RA may modify the mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions during intestinal development.

Fine structural analysis of limb development in the wingless mutant chick embryo

Development ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86
Author(s):  
Linwood M. Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Limb Development ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Dense Vesicles

The fine structure of the normal and wingless chick limb bud was examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the normal limb bud was composed of pseudostratined columnar cells. These cells contained gap junctions, electron-dense vesicles, and numerous microtubules and microfilaments that were oriented perpendicularly to the basal lamina. Microfilaments were also found coursing transversely in the basal cell cytoplasm. The ectoderm of the wingless mutant limb bud lacked a well-developed AER and resembled the dorsal and ventral ectoderm of the normal embryo. Gap junctions and electron-dense vesicles found in the AER of the normal limb bud were not apparent in the mutant ectoderm. The normal-limb bud mesoderm is composed of stellate cells that are oriented at right angles to the overlying ectoderm. There is a prominent subectodermal space that is traversed by numerous mesenchymal cell filopodia. The mesodermal cells of the mutant limb bud are compact and round and have short stubby filopodia, while the cells of the adjacent flank mesoderm are stellate. The subectodermal space is absent and the mesodermal cells are in intimate association with the basal lamina of the overlying ectoderm. Ruthenium red was employed as an extracellular marker for glycosaminoglycan$. No differences were found in the distribution of these substances in normal and mutant limb buds. In severalcases the basal lamina of the mutant limb bud ectoderm was discontinuous aqd the lamina lucida wasnot apparent. The results indicate that the mutation has an effect on the limb buds' ability to maintain a well-developed AER and basal lamina. It also suggest$ that the wingless gene affects the shape and possibly the mobility of the limb-bud mesoderm cells.

Morphogenesis of the rudimentary hind-limb of the Glass Snake (Ophisaurus apodus Pallas)

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahereh M.-Z. Rahmanl
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Caudal Extremity ◽  
Exterior Forms ◽  
Failure Of Induction

In the legless lizard, Ophisaurus apodus, the hind-limb primordium appears on the caudal extremity of the Wolffian ridge at an early stage in the development of the embryo (4.2 mm long). Three somites each send an extension into this young bud and distribute cells in its mesenchymal mass of cells. An apical epiblastic ridge, appearing as a fold from the exterior, forms on the limb-bud, which at this time is flattened at the distal end. A large vessel and nerves penetrate into the bud which appears normal at this stage. Necrosis then begins, first in the ridge, then in the cells of somitic derivation and finally, when the ridge has almost disappeared, in the mesenchymal cells. The bud which has been growing up till now, starts to regress at this point. It does not, however, disappear completely as it does in the forelimb, but remains as a rod-like appendage on each side of the cloaca. Inside this structure a rudimentary skeleton takes shape. The phallic primordium which appears on the ventro-caudal aspect of the hind-limb bud is not involved in this degenerative phenomenon and continues to develop. The arrest of development may be due to the degeneration of the apical ridge; possibly resulting from a failure of induction by the somites or to an insufficient somitic contribution to the hind-limb bud.

scholarly journals BMP-2/-4 mediate programmed cell death in chicken limb buds

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (12) ◽  
pp. 3725-3734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Yokouchi ◽  
J. Sakiyama ◽  
T. Kameda ◽  
H. Iba ◽  
A. Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Opaque Zone ◽  
Limb Buds ◽  
Bmp Receptor

During limb development, the mesenchymal cells in restricted areas of limb bud, anterior necrotic zone, posterior necrotic zone, opaque zone and interdigital necrotic zones, are eliminated by programmed cell death. The transcripts of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-2 and −4 were first detected in the areas where cell death was observed, then showed overlapping expression with the programmed cell death zones except the opaque zone. To investigate the function of BMP-2 and BMP-4 during limb pattern formation, the dominant negative form of BMP receptor was overexpressed in chick leg bud via a replication-competent retrovirus to block the endogenous BMP-2/-4 signaling pathway. This resulted in excess web formation at the anterior and posterior regions of limb buds in addition to marked suppression of the regression of webbing at the interdigital regions. Significant reductions in the number of apoptotic cells in these three necrotic zones were found in the limb buds which received the virus carrying dominant negative BMP receptor. This indicates that extra tissue formation is due to suppression of programmed cell death in the three necrotic zones. Moreover, BMP-2/-4 protein induced apoptosis of mesenchymal cells isolated from the interdigital region in vitro. Other TGFbeta family proteins as TGFbeta1 and Activin did not show this effect. These results suggest that BMP-2 and BMP-4 are the apoptotic signal molecules of the programmed cell death process in the chick limb buds.

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