Dual origin and segmental organisation of the avian scapula

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (17) ◽  
pp. 3789-3794 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Huang ◽  
Q. Zhi ◽  
K. Patel ◽  
J. Wilting ◽  
B. Christ
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Mouse Mutants ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Restricted Domains ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
Dual Origin ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Somitic Mesoderm

Bones of the postcranial skeleton of higher vertebrates originate from either somitic mesoderm or somatopleural layer of the lateral plate mesoderm. Controversy surrounds the origin of the scapula, a major component of the shoulder girdle, with both somitic and lateral plate origins being proposed. Abnormal scapular development has been described in the naturally occurring undulated series of mouse mutants, which has implicated Pax1 in the formation of this bone. Here we addressed the development of the scapula, firstly, by analysing the relationship between Pax1 expression and chondrogenesis and, secondly, by determining the developmental origin of the scapula using chick quail chimeric analysis. We show the following. (1) The scapula develops in a rostral-to-caudal direction and overt chondrification is preceded by an accumulation of Pax1-expressing cells. (2) The scapular head and neck are of lateral plate mesodermal origin. (3) In contrast, the scapular blade is composed of somitic cells. (4) Unlike the Pax1-positive cells of the vertebral column, which are of sclerotomal origin, the Pax1-positive cells of the scapular blade originate from the dermomyotome. (5) Finally, we show that cells of the scapular blade are organised into spatially restricted domains along its rostrocaudal axis in the same order as the somites from which they originated. Our results imply that the scapular blade is an ossifying muscular insertion rather than an original skeletal element, and that the scapular head and neck are homologous to the ‘true coracoid’ of higher vertebrates.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Shoulder Girdle Function and Subjective Dysfunction in Perioperative Patients with Head and Neck Cancer

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Takaya ISHII ◽  
Tsuyoshi HARA ◽  
Tatsuya IGAWA ◽  
Miho SHINOMIYA ◽  
Mitsunori NISHIMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Shoulder Girdle ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Participation of neural crest-derived cells in the genesis of the skull in birds

Development ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Christiane S. Le Lièvre
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Neural Crest Cells ◽  
Frontal Bone ◽  
Skeletal Tissue ◽  
Nasal Process ◽  
Branchial Arches ◽  
Mesodermal Origin ◽  
Mixed Origin ◽  
Dual Origin

The differentiation of cephalic neural crest cells into skeletal tissue in birds has been observed using the quail —chick nuclear marking system, which is based on specific differences in the distribution of the nuclear DNA. Chimaeras were formed by replacing a fragment of cephalic neural primordium of a 2- to 12-somite chicken embryo by the corresponding fragment isolated from an equivalent quail embryo. The participation of the graft-derived cells in the formation of the skull of these embryos was studied on histological sections after Feulgen and Rossenbeck staining. Cells from the pirosencephalic neural crest migrate into the frontal nasal process and mix with the mesencephalic neural crest cells in the lateral nasal processes, around the optic cupule and beneath the diencephalon. In addition, the mesencephalic neural crest cells form the bulk of the mesenchyme of the maxillary processes and mandibular arch, whereas the rhombencephalic neural crest cells become located in the branchial arches. The origin of cartilages of the chondrocranium and bones of the neurocranium and viscerocranium has been shown in the chimaeric embryos: the basal plate cartilages, occipital bones, sphenoid bones and the cranial vault are mainly of mesodermal origin. However some parts have a dual origin: rhombo-mesencephalic neural crest cells are found in the otic capsule, and the frontal bone, the rostrum of parasphenoid and the orbital cartilages contain diverse amounts of prosencephalo-mesencephalic neural crest cells. The squamosals and the columella auris are formed from mesectodermic cells as are the nasal skeleton, the palatines and the maxillar bones. The mesectodermal origin of mandibular and hyoid bones and cartilages was already known. From these results it appears that the cephalic neural crest is particularly important in the formation of the facial part of the skull, while the vault and dorsal part are mesodermal and cartilages and bones found in the intermediary region are of mixed origin. The presence of mixed structures implies that the mesoderm and the mesectoderm are equally competent towards the specific inducers of these bones and cartilages. This correlates with the equivalence in differentiation capacities already shown for cephalic mesodeimal and mesectodermal mesenchymes.

scholarly journals Rivalry or alliance?: the relationship between hyperbole and literal language

2013 ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Laura Cano Mora
Keyword(s):  
Figurative Language ◽  
Common Pattern ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
British National Corpus ◽  
Literal Expression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Corpus ◽  
Figurative Expressions

This paper focuses on the relationship between neighbouring literal and figurative expressions, a much under-researched area in figurative language theories. Traditionally it has been assumed that language is used figuratively when a literal expression would be inadequate, thus supporting the view that figurative and literal language replace or substitute each other. In order to question this view and to explore this relationship, a group of hyperbolic adverbs extracted from the British National Corpus and used in naturally-occurring speech was examined. The results show that hyperbole and literal comments seem to extend and complement, rather than replace, each other. This complementation is often achieved through paraphrase or clarification of a preceding remark, whether literal or exaggerated. The analysis also seems to suggest that if speakers need to add some information the most common pattern is a hyperbole followed, rather than preceded, by a literal expression.El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de la relación entre expresiones literales y figuradas adyacentes, cuestión rara vez investigada en las teorías del lenguaje figurado. Tradicionalmente se ha creído que los hablantes utilizamos las figuras cuando el lenguaje literal resulta inadecuado, reafirmando así la idea de que el lenguaje literal y figurado se sustituyen el uno al otro. Con el fin de cuestionar esta visión y explorar dicha relación examinamos un grupo de adverbios hiperbólicos usados en conversaciones reales extraídas del British National Corpus. Los resultados indican que la hipérbole y el uso literal del lenguaje parecen complementarse en lugar de reemplazarse. Con frecuencia dicha complementariedad se consigue a través de la paráfrasis o clarificación de un comentario previo, ya sea literal o exagerado. El análisis a su vez parece sugerir que cuando el hablante siente la necesidad de añadir información el patrón más común es una hipérbole seguida, en lugar de precedida, de una expresión literal.

scholarly journals Municipal Representatives’ Accounts of Decision-Making Practices during Geriatric Case Conferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (45) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Søren Beck Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Senior Citizens ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Case Conferences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Elderly Citizen

This article addresses questions of elucidation in talk-in-interaction. How do social actors give accounts of what they are doing? To what degree do actors sustain a taken-for-granted level of reasoning? The analysis is based upon naturally occurring data consisting of a corpus of audio recorded case conferences at various geriatric wards in Danish hospitals. The article elaborates one of the important insights of Harold Garfinkel regarding the relationship between discourse and social interaction: as a general characteristic, people tend to treat their fellow interlocutors’ conversational contributions as adequate for-all-practical-purposes. Specifically, the article investigates how Danish municipal representatives account for their decisions about whether or not senior citizens are to be referred to residential homes. This practice, I demonstrate, is characterized by non-explicitness with regards to rules and regulations. Instead, municipal representatives make use of developmental discourse: a worsened condition is used to justify a referral to a residential home. On the other hand, an improved condition is used to justify that an elderly citizen is not referred to a residential home.

scholarly journals A Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis to Partition Body Mass Index Into Components of Body Composition: An Application to Head and Neck Cancer Survival

2019 ◽  
Vol 188 (11) ◽  
pp. 2031-2039
Author(s):  
Patrick T Bradshaw ◽  
Jose P Zevallos ◽  
Kathy Wisniewski ◽  
Andrew F Olshan
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Hazard Ratio ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Previous studies have suggested a “J-shaped” relationship between body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2) and survival among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. However, BMI is a vague measure of body composition. To provide greater resolution, we used Bayesian sensitivity analysis, informed by external data, to model the relationship between predicted fat mass index (FMI, adipose tissue (kg)/height (m)2), lean mass index (LMI, lean tissue (kg)/height (m)2), and survival. We estimated posterior median hazard ratios and 95% credible intervals for the BMI-mortality relationship in a Bayesian framework using data from 1,180 adults in North Carolina with HNC diagnosed between 2002 and 2006. Risk factors were assessed by interview shortly after diagnosis and vital status through 2013 via the National Death Index. The relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality was convex, with a nadir at 28.6, with greater risk observed throughout the normal weight range. The sensitivity analysis indicated that this was consistent with opposing increases in risk with FMI (per unit increase, hazard ratio = 1.04 (1.00, 1.08)) and decreases with LMI (per unit increase, hazard ratio = 0.90 (0.85, 0.95)). Patterns were similar for HNC-specific mortality but associations were stronger. Measures of body composition, rather than BMI, should be considered in relation to mortality risk.

scholarly journals Redundant Roles of Tead1 and Tead2 in Notochord Development and the Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Survival

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 3177-3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Sawada ◽  
Hiroshi Kiyonari ◽  
Kanako Ukita ◽  
Noriyuki Nishioka ◽  
Yu Imuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Paraxial Mesoderm ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Growth Defects ◽  
Mouse Mutants ◽  
Severe Growth

ABSTRACT Four members of the TEAD/TEF family of transcription factors are expressed widely in mouse embryos and adult tissues. Although in vitro studies have suggested various roles for TEAD proteins, their in vivo functions remain poorly understood. Here we examined the role of Tead genes by generating mouse mutants for Tead1 and Tead2. Tead2 −/− mice appeared normal, but Tead1 −/−; Tead2 −/− embryos died at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with severe growth defects and morphological abnormalities. At E8.5, Tead1 −/−; Tead2 −/− embryos were already small and lacked characteristic structures such as a closed neural tube, a notochord, and somites. Despite these overt abnormalities, differentiation and patterning of the neural plate and endoderm were relatively normal. In contrast, the paraxial mesoderm and lateral plate mesoderm were displaced laterally, and a differentiated notochord was not maintained. These abnormalities and defects in yolk sac vasculature organization resemble those of mutants for Yap, which encodes a coactivator of TEAD proteins. Moreover, we demonstrated genetic interactions between Tead1 and Tead2 and Yap. Finally, Tead1 −/−; Tead2 −/− embryos showed reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. These results suggest that Tead1 and Tead2 are functionally redundant, use YAP as a major coactivator, and support notochord maintenance as well as cell proliferation and survival in mouse development.

The relationship of “shisha” (water pipe) smoking to the risk of head and neck cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankargouda Patil ◽  
Kamran Habib Awan ◽  
Gururaj Arakeri ◽  
Abdulsalam Aljabab ◽  
Marco Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Water Pipe ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship
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