Distance Between Two Keplerian Orbits

In this paper, constrained minimization for the point of closest approach of two conic sections is developed. For this development, we considered the nine cases of possible conics, namely, (elliptic–elliptic), (elliptic–parabolic), (elliptic–hyperbolic), (parabolic–elliptic), (parabolic–parabolic), (parabolic–hyperbolic), (hyperbolic–elliptic), (hyperbolic–parabolic), and (hyperbolic–hyperbolic). The developments are considered from two points of view, namely, analytical and computational. For the analytical developments, the literal expression of the minimum distance equation (S) and the constraint equation (G), including the first and second derivatives for each case, are established. For the computational developments, we construct an efficient algorithm for calculating the minimum distance by using the Lagrange multiplier method under the constraint on time. Finally, we compute the closest distance S between two conics for some orbits. The accuracy of the solutions was checked under the conditions that L| solution ≤ ɛ1; G| solution ≤ ɛ2, where ɛ1,2 < 10−10. For the cases of (parabolic–parabolic), (parabolic–hyperbolic), and (hyperbolic–hyperbolic), we studied thousands of comets, but the condition of the closest approach was not met.

Metaphorical expressions originating from human senses: Psycholinguistic and affective norms for German metaphors for internal state terms (MIST database)

Internal states, e.g., emotions, cognitive states, or desires, are often verbalized by figurative means, in particular by embodied metaphors involving human senses, such as touch, taste, and smell. The present paper presents a database for German metaphorical expressions conveying internal states with human senses as their source domains. 168 metaphorical expressions from the source domains of vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and temperature combined with literal equivalents were collected and rated by 643 adults. The agreement between the metaphor and an equivalent literal expression, as well as emotional valence, arousal, and familiarity values were assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Between the metaphorical expressions and their equivalents, familiarity, but not valence or arousal differed significantly while agreement ratings indicated high similarity in meaning. The novel database offers carefully controlled stimuli that can be used in both empirical metaphor research and research on internal state language. Using part of the stimuli in a sentence completion experiment revealed a significant preference for literal over metaphorical expressions that cannot be attributed to higher familiarity levels.

Managing Expectations – Contemporary Design Culture, Conservation and the Transformation of The Richards Laboratories

Louis I. Kahn’s Richards Laboratories at the University of Pennsylvania are a paradoxical building. At the same time that they perhaps represent the epitome of Kahn's literal expression of structure and material hierarchy, servant and served spaces and the role of mechanical systems in determining architectural form, these powerful ideas never came together programmatically to enable a fully functional, complete work of architecture. This paper describes the quest to solve the functional conundrum and technical shortcomings of Richards, to bring the architecture and program closer together. Through a synthesis combining transformation — a significant change in use that allowed the opening of the laboratory floors to the unique light and views that were always latent in the promise of Kahn’s essential architectural idea — and rehabilitation, where the best aspects of Richards — the glazed, vitrine-like facades and the beautiful logic of the building services distribution, were renovated for enhanced performance, Kahn’s original architectural vision and present function were able to be successfully reconciled.

Nilai Edukasi Metafora Teks-teks Seksual dalam Serat Centhini Karya Pakubuwana V

Tema mengenai ajaran seks yang termuat dalam SC karya Pakubuwana V banyak dituangkan dalam bentuk bahasa-bahasa metafora. Masyarakat Jawa masih menganggap tabu masalah seks. Pembicaraan tentang seks dianggap tidak senonoh. Akan tetapi di dalam SC penulis mampu menampilkan model penyampaian pendidikan seks secara baik dan santun. Penulis SC berkomunikasi tidak hanya menggunakan ungkapan harfiah (literal meaning) saja, melainkan terkadang juga menggunakan ungkapan yang bermakna figuratif (metaphorical meaning). Pemahaman hakikat seks yang benar akan menjadikan seseorang mengerti pada sangkan ‘asal usul’ dan paran ‘tujuan akhir hidup’ yang akan dilalui oleh setiap manusia. Pemahaman sangkan paraning dumadi ini akan lebih mudah diajarkan jika mempergunakan gaya bahasa metafora.Kata kunci: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metafora, seks. AbstractThe theme of the teaching of sex contained in the SC's work poured Pakubuwana V many languages in the form of a metaphor. Java community is still taboo subject of sex. Talks about sex are considered indecent. But in SC authors were able to show a model of delivering good sex education and manners. Author SC communicates not only use literal expression (literal meaning) only, but sometimes also used the phrase meaningful figurative (metaphorical meaning). Understanding the nature of sex are really going to make someone understand the sangkan 'origin' and famine 'the ultimate goal of life' which will be passed by every human being. Sangkan paraning dumadi understanding of being taught this will be easier if you use the metaphor language style.Keywords: Pakubuwana V, Serat Centhini, metaphor, sex.

A Social Semiotic Approach to Multimodal Discourse of the Badge of Xi’an Jiaotong University

Using the school badge of Xi’an Jiaotong University as an example, this article aims to unravel that both literal expression and visual imagery have the ideographic function. The analysis in this article primarily utilizes the theoretical framework of the visual communication grammar, which is developed by Kress & Van Leeuwen from Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics. By analyzing the representational, interactive, and compositional meaning of the school badge, this article shows that school badges have rich connotations and the ability to interpret them should be attached importance. Furthermore, this article aims to make a little contribution to the interpretation of school badges.

Mosque Development in Malaysia: Is it the product of evolution and social behaviour?

Building of a mosque is a great achievement of the Muslim community. This research aims to introduce the idea of changing uses and meaning of the mosque in contemporary Muslim societies by evaluating the development and social behavior towards spaces in Malaysia mosques. The method is to examine textual reference Al Quran and hadith as a reference and to adopt quantitative and qualitative approach towards typological development of Mosque and social behavior of users in the case studies. Perceptions toward a sanctity of space are preferential to the prayer hall. It is through an honest response to such considerations rather than through a literal expression of past that the mosque of the future will retain their differences and remain close to the spirit of Islam.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Mosque development; sanctity space; muslim Malay mosque; interaction of space

Computerized Systematic Approach to Fault Tree Analysis Based on Quantity Dimension Indexing

Fault tree analysis (FTA) is an effective method of ensuring the security and safety of the product by identifying all the possible causes of the problem and fixing them. However, it is not easy for a designer to construct a complete fault tree about various physical phenomena without any misunderstanding or oversight, and some computerized method of managing (i.e., storing, searching and utilizing) knowledge about FTA is needed. To solve the problem, the authors have proposed and studied a method and software tool for knowledge management of FTA based on quantity dimension indexing as a design knowledge management method to avoid ambiguity of literal expression about physical phenomena. In the previous method and software, however, fault values of quantities were limited as just above- and below-normal, and dynamic phenomena such as oscillation could not be described. In this paper, the authors introduce a systematically classified definition of fault values as above/below normal, one-side/both-sides, constant/varying, monotonic/non-monotonic and sudden/gradual, and expand the computerized systematic approach to FTA. Feasibility of the method was examined by applying it to fault tree examples made in a company.

Rivalry or alliance?: the relationship between hyperbole and literal language

This paper focuses on the relationship between neighbouring literal and figurative expressions, a much under-researched area in figurative language theories. Traditionally it has been assumed that language is used figuratively when a literal expression would be inadequate, thus supporting the view that figurative and literal language replace or substitute each other. In order to question this view and to explore this relationship, a group of hyperbolic adverbs extracted from the British National Corpus and used in naturally-occurring speech was examined. The results show that hyperbole and literal comments seem to extend and complement, rather than replace, each other. This complementation is often achieved through paraphrase or clarification of a preceding remark, whether literal or exaggerated. The analysis also seems to suggest that if speakers need to add some information the most common pattern is a hyperbole followed, rather than preceded, by a literal expression.El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de la relación entre expresiones literales y figuradas adyacentes, cuestión rara vez investigada en las teorías del lenguaje figurado. Tradicionalmente se ha creído que los hablantes utilizamos las figuras cuando el lenguaje literal resulta inadecuado, reafirmando así la idea de que el lenguaje literal y figurado se sustituyen el uno al otro. Con el fin de cuestionar esta visión y explorar dicha relación examinamos un grupo de adverbios hiperbólicos usados en conversaciones reales extraídas del British National Corpus. Los resultados indican que la hipérbole y el uso literal del lenguaje parecen complementarse en lugar de reemplazarse. Con frecuencia dicha complementariedad se consigue a través de la paráfrasis o clarificación de un comentario previo, ya sea literal o exagerado. El análisis a su vez parece sugerir que cuando el hablante siente la necesidad de añadir información el patrón más común es una hipérbole seguida, en lugar de precedida, de una expresión literal.

Change, Suffering, and Surprise in God: Von Balthasar’s Use of Metaphor

This article is a critique of the claim made by Gerard O’Hanlon that von Balthasar has pioneered a new way of combining metaphorical and literal discourse, and that this enables him to predicate change, suffering, and surprise of God, while maintaining classical positions on divine transcendence. Some such positions on divine nature and on the notions of univocity, analogy, and metaphor are explored. It is argued—using in particular the contemporary Thomism of Herbert McCabe and some recent studies on the philosophy of metaphor—that von Balthasar, as interpreted by O’Hanlon, tries to give literal expression to what in metaphors is non-propositional. The article concludes that there is no novel advance in combining analogy and metaphor that could enable von Balthasar to avoid self-contradiction in a classical framework.