Metabolic Characteristics of the Heart-forming Areas of the Early Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-339
Author(s):  
Lowell M. Duffey ◽  
James D. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Cardiac Actin ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Cardiac Contractile Proteins

Our knowledge of the sequence of events that culminate in the onset of contracility in the heart of the early chick embryo has been evaluated by Ebert, Tolman, Mun, & Albright (1955). Immunochemical analyses made during the initial phases of cardiogenesis, which precede the appearance of recognizable cardiac primordia, indicate that in the embryo at the head-process stage the distribution of the proteins, cardiac myosin (Ebert, 1953), and cardiac actin (Ebert et al., 1955), coincides with the heart-forming areas as defined by isolation methods (Rawles, 1943). In earlier stages detectable quantities of cardiac actin are absent, and cardiac myosin is distributed throughout the epiblast in the embryo at the definitive primitive streak stage. Present concepts of the synthesis and distribution of the cardiac contractile proteins are based on the sensitivity of the immunochemical methods.

A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 2879-2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hatada ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes

We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.

Transient embryonic antigens in the chick

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. C. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Brain

The Presence of an organ antigen in the early chick embryo was first demonstrated by Schechtman (1948). He found that an antigenic substance common to brain, heart, liver and muscle of chicks at hatching is already present in primitive streak and early neurula stages of the embryo. This observation, with respect to brain and heart, was subsequently confirmed by Ebert (1950). McCallion & Langman (1964) have recently demonstrated that there are at least eight antigenic substances in the adult chicken brain that are class-specific but that are more or less common to other organs, with only quantitative differences. These authors have further demonstrated that there are at least three, possibly as many as five, antigenic substances in adult chicken brain that are not only class-specific but also tissue-specific, occurring only in the brain, spinal cord, nervous retina and nerves. The non-specific antigens appear progressively during the first 4 days of incubation.

On Duplicitas Anterior in an Early Chick Embryo

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 622-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Stage 1

The literature of Duplicity in Birds affords, out of a total of about ninety-five recorded cases of multiple formations of all kinds on a single blastoderm, from the stage of the primitive streak to the fourth day of incubation, only a small proportion of instances of “duplicitas anterior.” Dareste (i.) in his atlas figures three; Gerlach (ii.) adds representations of three others—one case of his own, a second originally described by Ahlfeld, and a third by Reichert; Klaussner (iii.) gives a seventh case; and Bianchi (iv.) describes a monstrous embryo at a later stage (1°5 cm. in length).Most observers have been content with the partial information derived from the study of the whole object, and only three embryos of this class, which have been studied in serial sections, have been described:—1st. Erich Hoffman's (v.) with three somites.2nd. Mitrophanow's (vi.) with six somites.3rd. Kaestner's (vii.) with seven somites.

scholarly journals Regulation of Cardiac Muscle Contractility

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Contractility ◽  
Myocardial Contraction ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Shortening Velocity ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Myocardial Fibers ◽  
Cardiac Contractile Proteins ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Intact Heart

The heart's physiological performance, unlike that of skeletal muscle, is regulated primarily by variations in the contractile force developed by the individual myocardial fibers. In an attempt to identify the basis for the characteristic properties of myocardial contraction, the individual cardiac contractile proteins and their behavior in contractile models in vitro have been examined. The low shortening velocity of heart muscle appears to reflect the weak ATPase activity of cardiac myosin, but this enzymatic activity probably does not determine active state intensity. Quantification of the effects of Ca++ upon cardiac actomyosin supports the view that myocardial contractility can be modified by changes in the amount of calcium released during excitation-contraction coupling. Exchange of intracellular K+ with Na+ derived from the extracellular space also could enhance myocardial contractility directly, as highly purified cardiac actomyosin is stimulated when K+ is replaced by an equimolar amount of Na+. On the other hand, cardiac glycosides and catecholamines, agents which greatly increase the contractility of the intact heart, were found to be without significant actions upon highly purified reconstituted cardiac actomyosin.

The origin and movement of prelung cells in the chick embryo as determined by radioautographic mapping

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-509
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Dorsal Mesentery ◽  
Area Pellucida

The origin of the prelung cells was determined by tracing the movements of [3H]thymidinelabelled grafts excised from medium-streak to 4-somite stage chick embryos and transplanted to the epiblast, streak, and endoderm-mesoderm of similarly staged recipient embryos. At the medium-streak stage the prelung endoderm cells are in the anterior third of the primitive streak; they shortly begin to migrate anteriorly and laterally into the endoderm layer. They are folded into the gut beginning at about the 4-somite stage, and begin to reach their definitive position in the ventrolateral gut wall at the 10- to 16-somite stage. At the ± 22-somite stage the prelung endoderm begins to burrow into the overlying splanchnic layer of mesoderm, pushing the prelung mesoderm ahead of it. At the medium-streak stage the prelung mesoderm is in the epiblast (dorsal) layer about half-way to the lateral margin of the area pellucida on either side of the streak, at a level about half-way between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak. From this position the prelung mesoderm migrates medially to the streak and is invaginated into the mesoderm layer at a position about half-way between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak. As a section of the dorsal mesentery, it migrates anteriorly and laterally from the streak into the splanchnic mesoderm lateral to the somites. From the head process stage to the early somite stages, the prelung mesoderm is located posterior to the prelung endoderm. The prelung mesoderm continues to migrate with the splanchnic mesoderm into the mesentery dorsal to the heart, where it invests the prelung endoderm after the 16- to 19-somite stage. Beginning at about the 22-somite stage, the prelung endoderm penetrates the prelung mesoderm and the bilateral bronchi are formed.

Abnormal cardiac biochemistry in spontaneously diabetic Bio-Breeding/Worcester rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (5) ◽  
pp. H1051-H1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Malhotra ◽  
J. P. Mordes ◽  
L. McDermott ◽  
T. F. Schaible
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Myosin Atpase ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Myosin Atpase Activity ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Cardiac Contractile Proteins ◽  
Altered Thyroid

Diabetes produced by injection of alloxan or streptozotocin results in cardiac dysfunction in rats that is associated with lower cardiac contractile protein ATPase activity. The purpose of this investigation was to examine cardiac myosin biochemistry in the Bio-Breeding Worcester (BB/W) rat, a strain in which diabetes occurs spontaneously and closely resembles insulin-dependent diabetes in humans. Hearts from diabetic BB/W rats were studied at 1, 4, and 7 mo after the onset of diabetes and were compared with age-matched BB/W rats that were bred for resistance to diabetes. Calcium-stimulated myosin ATPase activity was significantly decreased after 4 and 7 mo of diabetes, and actin-activated myosin ATPase was significantly depressed at all time points. Differences between hearts from control and diabetic animals increased with the duration of diabetes. Closely associated with reductions in myosin ATPase activity in the diabetes was a shift in the isomyosin content from the normally predominant V1 to the V3 isoenzyme. Thus diabetes that results from genetic causes leads to depressed myosin enzymatic activity in the rat. Furthermore, since previous studies have shown that BB/W diabetic rats do not develop hypothyroidism, the present results support the view that altered thyroid function does not mediate the abnormalities in cardiac contractile proteins in diabetes.

Fates and migratory routes of primitive streak cells in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1523-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Psychoyos ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Different Tissues

We have used carbocyanine dyes to fate map the primitive streak in the early chick embryo, from stages 3+ (mid-primitive streak) to 9 (8 somites). We show that presumptive notochord, foregut and medial somite do not originate solely from Hensen's node, but also from the anterior primitive streak. At early stages (4- and 4), there is no correlation between specific anteroposterior levels of the primitive streak and the final position of their descendants in the notochord. We describe in detail the contribution of specific levels of the primitive streak to the medial and lateral halves of the somites. To understand how the descendants of labelled cells reach their destinations in different tissues, we have followed the movement of labelled cells during their emigration from the primitive streak in living embryos, and find that cells destined to different structures follow defined pathways of movement, even if they arise from similar positions in the streak. Somite and notochord precursors migrate anteriorly within the streak and pass through different portions of the node; this provides an explanation for the segregation of notochord and somite territories in the node.

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