The origin and movement of prelung cells in the chick embryo as determined by radioautographic mapping

Development ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-509
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Dorsal Mesentery ◽  
Area Pellucida

The origin of the prelung cells was determined by tracing the movements of [3H]thymidinelabelled grafts excised from medium-streak to 4-somite stage chick embryos and transplanted to the epiblast, streak, and endoderm-mesoderm of similarly staged recipient embryos. At the medium-streak stage the prelung endoderm cells are in the anterior third of the primitive streak; they shortly begin to migrate anteriorly and laterally into the endoderm layer. They are folded into the gut beginning at about the 4-somite stage, and begin to reach their definitive position in the ventrolateral gut wall at the 10- to 16-somite stage. At the ± 22-somite stage the prelung endoderm begins to burrow into the overlying splanchnic layer of mesoderm, pushing the prelung mesoderm ahead of it. At the medium-streak stage the prelung mesoderm is in the epiblast (dorsal) layer about half-way to the lateral margin of the area pellucida on either side of the streak, at a level about half-way between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak. From this position the prelung mesoderm migrates medially to the streak and is invaginated into the mesoderm layer at a position about half-way between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak. As a section of the dorsal mesentery, it migrates anteriorly and laterally from the streak into the splanchnic mesoderm lateral to the somites. From the head process stage to the early somite stages, the prelung mesoderm is located posterior to the prelung endoderm. The prelung mesoderm continues to migrate with the splanchnic mesoderm into the mesentery dorsal to the heart, where it invests the prelung endoderm after the 16- to 19-somite stage. Beginning at about the 22-somite stage, the prelung endoderm penetrates the prelung mesoderm and the bilateral bronchi are formed.

The origin and movement of the limb-bud epithelium and mesenchyme in the chick embryo as determined by radioautographic mapping

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Posterior Limb ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
The Future ◽  
Dorsal Portion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Area Pellucida

The origin of the limb-bud cells was determined by tracing the movements of [3H]thymidine-labelled grafts excised from late medium-streak to 5-somite stage chick embryos and transplanted to the epiblast, streak, and endoderm-mesoderm of similarly staged recipient embryos. Although exact definition of the prelimb areas was not possible because of the small number of grafts placed at each developmental stage, the study showed in general that at the late medium-streak stage the future limb-bud epithelium is in the epiblast (dorsal) layer near the lateral margin of the area pellucida. It moves medially toward the embryonic axis, just lateral to the premesoderm cells which will be invaginated at the primitive streak. With regression of the streak, the limb-bud epithelium moves relatively anteriorly into a position dorsal to the limb-bud mesoderm, beginning at least as early as the early head-fold stage. At the definitive-streak stage, the future limb-bud mesoderm is in the epiblast layer about halfway from the streak to the lateral margin of the area pellucida, at a level about halfway between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak. From this position the prelimb mesoderm migrates medially to the streak, and is invaginated into the mesoderm layer at a position about halfway between the anterior and posterior ends of the streak; after the head-process stage, it migrates anteriorly and laterally into the somatic layer of the lateral plate, ventral to the limb-bud epithelium. Mesoderm which will form the anterior limb-bud migrates anterior to mesoderm which will form the posterior limb-bud; mesoderm which will form the ventral portion of each limb-bud migrates posterolateral to mesoderm which will form the dorsal portion of each limb-bud.

The origin and movements of the hepatogenic cells in the chick embryo as determined by radioautographic mapping

Development ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-113
Author(s):  
Glenn C. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Lateral Plate Mesoderm ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Exact Definition

The origin of the prehepatic cells was determined by tracing the movements of [3H]thymidine-labelled grafts excised from medium-streak to 4-somite stage chick embryos and transplanted to the epiblast, streak and endoderm-mesoderm layer of similarly staged recipient embryos. Although exact definition of prehepatic areas was not possible because of the small number of grafts placed at each developmental stage, the study showed in general that at the medium-streak stage, the prehepatic endoderm cells are in the anterior third of the primitive streak; they shortly begin to migrate anteriorly and laterally into the endoderm layer ventral to the precardiac areas of mesoderm. They are in the yolk-sac endoderm at the 2–4-somite stage, and by the 15–17-somite stage are clustered at the anterior intestinal portal. At the 26-somite to early limb-bud stages, the anterior and posterior liver diverticula have formed from these endoderm cells, and some of the branches of the diverticula may have reached the prehepatic mesenchyme, where the two tissues have begun to form cords and sinuses. At the medium-streak stage, the prehepatic mesoderm is located slightly more than halfway from the anterior to the posterior end of the primitive streak. From this position it migrates anteriorly and laterally into the lateral plate mesoderm, and from the head-process to the 2–4-somite stage it is situated posterior to the prehepatic endoderm and posterior and lateral to the heart-forming portion of the splanchnic layer. By the 15–17-somite stage the prehepatic mesoderm has reached a position in the splanchnic layer of mesoderm which forms the dorsolateral wall of the sinus venosus. By the 26-somite to early limb-bud stage the hepatic diverticula have joined with the hepatic mesenchyme to form the rudimentary cords and sinuses of the liver.

Primordial germ cells in normal and transected duck blastoderms

Development ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-260
Author(s):  
Teresa Rogulska
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Suggestive Evidence ◽  
Area Pellucida

Suggestive evidence for the extragonadal origin of germ cells in birds was first presented by Swift (1914), who described primordial germ cells in the chick embryo at as early a stage as the primitive streak. According to Swift, primordial germ cells are originally located extra-embryonically in the anterior part of the blastoderm and occupy a crescent-shaped region (‘germinal crescent’) on the boundary between area opaca and area pellucida. Swift also found that primordial germ cells later enter into the blood vessels, circulate together with the blood throughout the whole blastoderm and finally penetrate into the genital ridges, where they become definitive germ cells. Swift's views have been confirmed in numerous descriptive and experimental investigations. Among the latter, the publications of Willier (1937), Simon (1960) and Dubois (1964a, b, 1965a, b, 1966) merit special attention. Dubois finally proved that the genital ridges exert a strong chemotactic influence on the primordial germ cells.

scholarly journals Vasculogenesis in the early quail blastodisc as studied with a monoclonal antibody recognizing endothelial cells

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pardanaud ◽  
C. Altmann ◽  
P. Kitos ◽  
F. Dieterlen-Lievre ◽  
C.A. Buck
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Vascular Tree ◽  
Somite Stage ◽  
Area Vasculosa ◽  
Haemopoietic Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

QH1, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes quail endothelial and haemopoietic cells, was applied to quail blastodiscs in toto, in order to analyse by immunofluorescence the emergence of the vascular tree. The first endothelial cells were detected in the area opaca at the headfold stage and in the area pellucida at the 1-somite stage. Single cells then interconnected progressively, especially in the anterior intestinal portal and along the somites building up the linings of the heart and dorsal aortas. This study demonstrates that endothelial cells differentiate as single entities 4 h earlier in development than hitherto detected and that the vascular network forms secondarily. The horseshoe shape of the extraembryonic area vasculosa is also a secondary acquisition. A nonvascularized area persists until later (at least the 14-somite stage) in the region of the regressing primitive streak.

scholarly journals A novel role for the extraembryonic area opaca in positioning the primitive streak of the early chick embryo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung Chul Lee ◽  
Claudio D Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Outer Region ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Anterior Half ◽  
Embryonic Polarity ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Area Pellucida

Classical studies have established that the marginal zone, a ring of extraembryonic epiblast immediately surrounding the embryonic epiblast (area pellucida) of the chick embryo is important in setting embryonic polarity by positioning the primitive streak, the site of gastrulation. The more external extraembryonic region (area opaca) was only thought to have nutritive and support functions. Using experimental embryology approaches, this study reveals three separable functions for this outer region: first, juxtaposition of the area opaca directly onto the area pellucida induces a new marginal zone from the latter; this induced domain is entirely posterior in character. Second, ablation and grafting experiments using an isolated anterior half of the blastoderm and pieces of area opaca suggest that the area opaca can influence the polarity of the adjacent marginal zone. Finally, we show that the loss of the ability of such isolated anterior half-embryos to regulate (re-establish polarity spontaneously) at the early primitive streak stage can be rescued by replacing the area opaca by one from a younger stage. These results uncover new roles of chick extraembryonic tissues in early development.

Interactions between Wnt and Vg1 signalling pathways initiate primitive streak formation in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (15) ◽  
pp. 2915-2927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Skromne ◽  
Claudio D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Marginal Zone ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Embryonic Axis ◽  
Normal Embryo ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Axis Formation ◽  
Distinct Region ◽  
Wnt Pathways ◽  
Area Pellucida

The posterior marginal zone (PMZ) of the chick embryo has Nieuwkoop centre-like properties: when transplanted to another part of the marginal zone, it induces a complete embryonic axis, without making a cellular contribution to the induced structures. However, when the PMZ is removed, the embryo can initiate axis formation from another part of the remaining marginal zone. Chick Vg1 can mimic the axis-inducing ability of the PMZ, but only when misexpressed somewhere within the marginal zone. We have investigated the properties that define the marginal zone as a distinct region. We show that the competence of the marginal zone to initiate ectopic primitive streak formation in response to cVg1 is dependent on Wnt activity. First, within the Wnt family, only Wnt8C is expressed in the marginal zone, in a gradient decreasing from posterior to anterior. Second, misexpression of Wnt1 in the area pellucida enables this region to form a primitive streak in response to cVg1. Third, the Wnt antagonists Crescent and Dkk-1 block the primitive streak-inducing ability of cVg1 in the marginal zone. These findings suggest that Wnt activity defines the marginal zone and allows cVg1 to induce an axis. We also present data suggesting some additional complexity: first, the Vg1 and Wnt pathways appear to regulate the expression of downstream components of each other’s pathway; and second, misexpression of different Wnt antagonists suggests that different classes of Wnts may cooperate with each other to regulate axis formation in the normal embryo.

scholarly journals Unco-ordinated contractions caused by egg white and by alternations in the cation ratio of the medium in the heart of the chick embryo in vitro

1934 ◽  
Vol 115 (794) ◽  
pp. 380-402 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Small Amplitude ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Posterior Half ◽  
Cation Ratio ◽  
Made In ◽  
Area Pellucida

In May, 1932, some experiments were made in which fragments of chick embroys in primitive streak stages were explanted into crude white of egg as culture medium. The object was to study hæmatopoiesis, which occured in these explants (Murray, 1933). Only two of the cultures interest us here. Both were derived from embryos having pear-shaped areæ pellucidæ with primitive streaks but no head processes and each consisted of that part of the area pellucida of one side which lies opposite the posterior half or three-quarters of the primitive streak. Both cultures survived in the egg white and in each there was discovered, after two and five days incubation respectively, an area which contained actively contracting cells. The contractions were of small amplitude and there was no co-ordination between the cells. This activity persisted in one culture for 36 days. It was necessary to have some name by which this anarchic contractility could be designated; it resembled fibrillation, at least superficially, but it was thought best to avoid this term as the present phenomenon might prove entirely unconnected with fibrillation. The word "twitter", used as noun and verb, described the appearance rather well, and I have adopted it as a provisional name for this kind of activity.

REGULATION OF THE INITIATION OF HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS IN THE BLOOD ISLAND CELLS OF CHICK EMBRYOS: I. QUALITATIVE STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF ACTINOMYCIN AND δ-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1543-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Wainwright ◽  
Lillian K. Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Hemoglobin Synthesis ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Somite Stage

Intact and de-embryonated blastodiscs of chick embryos from all stages of development between the definitive primitive streak and the 10-somite stage were incubated on simple solid synthetic media. On the basal medium, blastodiscs at all initial stages of development synthesized hemoglobin readily visible to the naked eye within 24 hours, incorporated leucine into protein at an approximately linear rate for 24 hours, and incorporated uridine into RNA at a roughly linear rate for at least 6 hours after a short lag.Blastodiscs taken before the 1-somite stage failed to synthesize any detectable hemoglobin on medium containing 2 μg/ml of actinomycin, whereas those token at later stages synthesized hemoglobin visible to the naked eye. This concentration of actinomycin totally inhibited the incorporation of uridine into high molecular weight RNA within 2–3 hours, but the incorporation of leucine into protein was not inhibited for 6–8 hours. The residual incorporation of uridine was entirely into the soluble RNA fraction.At 10 μg/ml, actinomycin markedly inhibited the synthesis of hemoglobin by blastodiscs taken at stages earlier than the 6-somite embryo, but did not markedly affect hemoglobin synthesis by the more advanced blastodiscs. This concentration of actinomycin caused only slightly greater inhibition of the incorporation of uridine into acid-precipitable material than the smaller concentration for all blastodiscs, and was not markedly more inhibitory for the incorporation of leucine into protein.The presence of δ-aminolevulinic acid overcame the inhibitions of synthesis of hemoglobin by actinomycin but did not prevent the inhibitions of incorporation of uridine into RNA and of leucine into protein.Regulation of the onset of rapid hemoglobin synthesis appears to be at the translation level, probably through the supply of δ-aminolevulinic acid. The latter is probably regulated through synthesis of RNAs formed at the head-fold stage. Messenger RNAs for globin synthesis are present at the stage of the definitive primitive streak.

Ultrastructure of Blood Vessels of the Area Pellucida of Control and X-irradiated Chick Embryos

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Margaret H. Sanderson ◽  
S. Phyllis Steamer
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mesenchyme Cells ◽  
Area Pellucida

The chick embryo exposed to lethal doses of ionizing radiations develops a fatal circulatory failure within a few hours. This report describes the blood vessels of the area pellucida (a part of the extra-embryonic membranes of the chick embryo) and the effect of 250 kVp x-radiation upon them.Three-day chick embryos, x-irradiated in ovo with 1000-1200 R, were fixed 1-2 hours after exposure. The area pellucida is a multi-layered membrane consisting of ectoderm, somatic and splanchnic mesoderm, and endoderm (Fig. 1). The vascular system arises from the splanchnic mesoderm. The walls of small and medium-sized vessels are composed of endothelial cells, an occasional pericyte and processes of adjacent mesenchyme cells. Types of vessels cannot be distinguished at this stage of development; a basement membrane is seen only in isolated areas. The wall appears double or triple-layered, but the endothelium is frequently less than 0.1 micron thick (Fig. 2). Endothelial cells contain a large complement of polyribosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, pinocytotic vesicles and several kinds of inclusion bodies. The nucleus has a well-defined nucleolus.

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