Transient embryonic antigens in the chick

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. C. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Brain

The Presence of an organ antigen in the early chick embryo was first demonstrated by Schechtman (1948). He found that an antigenic substance common to brain, heart, liver and muscle of chicks at hatching is already present in primitive streak and early neurula stages of the embryo. This observation, with respect to brain and heart, was subsequently confirmed by Ebert (1950). McCallion & Langman (1964) have recently demonstrated that there are at least eight antigenic substances in the adult chicken brain that are class-specific but that are more or less common to other organs, with only quantitative differences. These authors have further demonstrated that there are at least three, possibly as many as five, antigenic substances in adult chicken brain that are not only class-specific but also tissue-specific, occurring only in the brain, spinal cord, nervous retina and nerves. The non-specific antigens appear progressively during the first 4 days of incubation.

CHANGES IN ANTIGENICITY OF THE BRAIN OF THE CHICK EMBRYO

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. C. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Embryonic Brain ◽  
Chicken Serum ◽  
Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Antigen Present ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Embryo Brain

Antiserum against 9-day chick embryo brain was obtained in rabbits. After absorption on chicken serum this antiserum was used in immunoelectrophoretic analysis of the brain of the developing chick. Several embryonic antigens common to all tissues that disappear at hatching were detected. Three adult neural-specific antigens were revealed. At least one neural-specific antigen, present in embryonic brain, disappears before hatching.

A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 2879-2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hatada ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes

We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN RHESUS MONKEYS. III

1948 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvin A. Kabat ◽  
Abner Wolf ◽  
Ada E. Bezer
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Fish Brain ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
The Brain

The factor in brain tissue which induces acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, when injected into rhesus monkeys as an emulsion with adjuvants, has been found in human, monkey, rabbit, and chicken brain but is absent from frog and fish brain. It is unaffected by fixation of the brain in formalin, by boiling, and by treatment with ultrasound. It is present in the spinal cord of 3 day old rabbits but does not appear in the rabbit cerebrum until about the 12th day of life; in this respect it parallels the laying down of myelin. Attempts to produce the encephalomyelitis passively with large quantities of serum or of cell exudates, and suspensions of cells from spleen and lymph node from monkeys with encephalomyelitis, were unsuccessful.

On Duplicitas Anterior in an Early Chick Embryo

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 622-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Stage 1

The literature of Duplicity in Birds affords, out of a total of about ninety-five recorded cases of multiple formations of all kinds on a single blastoderm, from the stage of the primitive streak to the fourth day of incubation, only a small proportion of instances of “duplicitas anterior.” Dareste (i.) in his atlas figures three; Gerlach (ii.) adds representations of three others—one case of his own, a second originally described by Ahlfeld, and a third by Reichert; Klaussner (iii.) gives a seventh case; and Bianchi (iv.) describes a monstrous embryo at a later stage (1°5 cm. in length).Most observers have been content with the partial information derived from the study of the whole object, and only three embryos of this class, which have been studied in serial sections, have been described:—1st. Erich Hoffman's (v.) with three somites.2nd. Mitrophanow's (vi.) with six somites.3rd. Kaestner's (vii.) with seven somites.

scholarly journals Ontogenic Redistribution of Type 2 Deiodinase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Brain of Chicken

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (8) ◽  
pp. 3619-3625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs Gereben ◽  
Janusz Pachucki ◽  
Anna Kollár ◽  
Zsolt Liposits ◽  
Csaba Fekete
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Hybridization Signal ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development. T4 has to be converted to T3 for efficient binding to thyroid hormone receptors. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) is the key enzyme that allows T3 generation in the brain. To elucidate the onset and localization of T3 production in the brain, we studied the changes of D2 activity, mRNA content, and the distribution of D2 mRNA in the brain of chicken embryos before and after the onset of thyroid function. D2 activity was detectable in the brain at all stages studied from embryonic day (E)7 to E15 and increased significantly with time. The wild-type chicken D2 transcript was detectable at all those stages by RT-PCR. The amount of D2 mRNA in the brain increased approximately 14-fold from E10 to E17 as assessed by Northern blot. Week D2 hybridization signal could be detected by in situ hybridization at E8 in cell clusters throughout the brain, and its intensity markedly increased to E15. Interestingly, no D2 expression was detected in hypothalamic tanycytes at these embryonic stages. However, D2 hybridization signal was observed in the wall of the third ventricle of adult chicken posterior to the rostral pole of the median eminence in the location typical for tanycytes, whereas D2 signal in other localizations was decreased throughout the brain. Our data suggest that D2 contributes to T3 content of the developing chicken brain even before the onset of thyroid function. Furthermore, redistribution of D2 mRNA expression was observed during the development of the chicken brain.

Retrograde transport of NGF by early chick embryo spinal cord motoneurons

1988 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise B. Wayne ◽  
Marieta B. Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Early Chick Embryo

Fates and migratory routes of primitive streak cells in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1523-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Psychoyos ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Different Tissues

We have used carbocyanine dyes to fate map the primitive streak in the early chick embryo, from stages 3+ (mid-primitive streak) to 9 (8 somites). We show that presumptive notochord, foregut and medial somite do not originate solely from Hensen's node, but also from the anterior primitive streak. At early stages (4- and 4), there is no correlation between specific anteroposterior levels of the primitive streak and the final position of their descendants in the notochord. We describe in detail the contribution of specific levels of the primitive streak to the medial and lateral halves of the somites. To understand how the descendants of labelled cells reach their destinations in different tissues, we have followed the movement of labelled cells during their emigration from the primitive streak in living embryos, and find that cells destined to different structures follow defined pathways of movement, even if they arise from similar positions in the streak. Somite and notochord precursors migrate anteriorly within the streak and pass through different portions of the node; this provides an explanation for the segregation of notochord and somite territories in the node.

Metabolic Characteristics of the Heart-forming Areas of the Early Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-339
Author(s):  
Lowell M. Duffey ◽  
James D. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Cardiac Actin ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Cardiac Contractile Proteins

Our knowledge of the sequence of events that culminate in the onset of contracility in the heart of the early chick embryo has been evaluated by Ebert, Tolman, Mun, & Albright (1955). Immunochemical analyses made during the initial phases of cardiogenesis, which precede the appearance of recognizable cardiac primordia, indicate that in the embryo at the head-process stage the distribution of the proteins, cardiac myosin (Ebert, 1953), and cardiac actin (Ebert et al., 1955), coincides with the heart-forming areas as defined by isolation methods (Rawles, 1943). In earlier stages detectable quantities of cardiac actin are absent, and cardiac myosin is distributed throughout the epiblast in the embryo at the definitive primitive streak stage. Present concepts of the synthesis and distribution of the cardiac contractile proteins are based on the sensitivity of the immunochemical methods.

An immunological study on the effect of brain extract on the developing nervous tissue in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. Langman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Brain Extract ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Chick Brain ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Saline Extract ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Tissue Extracts ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Brain

In recent experiments 24–32 hr. chick embryos were treated with saline extract of adult chicken brain, which was injected into the yolk, into the sub-blastodermal space, or deposited over the blastoderm. After an additional 60-hr, incubation period, 30 to 40 per cent of the surviving embryos showed defects of the brain, spinal cord and eye, such as anencephalus, microcephalus, abnormal shape of the brain vesicles, rachischisis, anophthalmia and microphthalmia (Lenicque, 1959; Clarke & McCallion, 1959; Braverman, 1961). In addition, a number of embryos showed abnormal proliferation in the walls of the brain vesicles. When other tissue extracts were examined it was found that the abovementioned abnormalities could be produced only by saline extracts of chick brain and nervous retina, and not by extracts prepared from liver, spleen and skeletal muscle. The latter extracts do sometimes affect brain development, but then always in association with defects in other organ systems.

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