Fates and migratory routes of primitive streak cells in the chick embryo

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 1523-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Psychoyos ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Migratory Routes ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Different Tissues

We have used carbocyanine dyes to fate map the primitive streak in the early chick embryo, from stages 3+ (mid-primitive streak) to 9 (8 somites). We show that presumptive notochord, foregut and medial somite do not originate solely from Hensen's node, but also from the anterior primitive streak. At early stages (4- and 4), there is no correlation between specific anteroposterior levels of the primitive streak and the final position of their descendants in the notochord. We describe in detail the contribution of specific levels of the primitive streak to the medial and lateral halves of the somites. To understand how the descendants of labelled cells reach their destinations in different tissues, we have followed the movement of labelled cells during their emigration from the primitive streak in living embryos, and find that cells destined to different structures follow defined pathways of movement, even if they arise from similar positions in the streak. Somite and notochord precursors migrate anteriorly within the streak and pass through different portions of the node; this provides an explanation for the segregation of notochord and somite territories in the node.

A fate map of the epiblast of the early chick embryo

Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 2879-2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Hatada ◽  
C.D. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Fate Map ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Carbocyanine Dyes

We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2–3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.

Special Problems of Experimenting in ovo on the Early Chick Embryo, and a Solution

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-375
Author(s):  
P. H. S. Silver
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
In Vitro Methods ◽  
Early Stages

It seems to be generally accepted that experimenting in ovo on the chick during the early stages of development (up to about 48 hours) is fraught with the greatest difficulty. After about this time no serious technical problems arise and a high proportion of successful results can be expected. It is natural to ask why there should be this change-over from extreme difficulty to reasonable simplicity. New (1955) attributed to this ‘inaccessibility of the chick embryo in the egg’ the invention of his own and many other in vitro methods during the last 30 years. There is no doubt that, when short-term experiments only are required, in vitro methods will probably always be preferred. But all in vitro methods suffer from the disadvantage that the embryo cannot be expected to survive for more than 48 hours or so after explantation.

Ectodermal patterning in the avian embryo: epidermis versus neural plate

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pera ◽  
S. Stein ◽  
M. Kessel
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Plate Boundary ◽  
Homeobox Gene ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Avian Embryo ◽  
Neural Fate ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Two Factors

Ectodermal patterning of the chick embryo begins in the uterus and continues during gastrulation, when cells with a neural fate become restricted to the neural plate around the primitive streak, and cells fated to become the epidermis to the periphery. The prospective epidermis at early stages is characterized by the expression of the homeobox gene DLX5, which remains an epidermal marker during gastrulation and neurulation. Later, some DLX5-expressing cells become internalized into the ventral forebrain and the neural crest at the hindbrain level. We studied the mechanism of ectodermal patterning by transplantation of Hensen's nodes and prechordal plates. The DLX5 marker indicates that not only a neural plate, but also a surrounding epidermis is induced in such operations. Similar effects can be obtained with neural plate grafts. These experiments demonstrate that the induction of a DLX5-positive epidermis is triggered by the midline, and the effect is transferred via the neural plate to the periphery. By repeated extirpations of the endoderm we suppressed the formation of an endoderm/mesoderm layer under the epiblast. This led to the generation of epidermis, and to the inhibition of neuroepithelium in the naked ectoderm. This suggests a signal necessary for neural, but inhibitory for epidermal development, normally coming from the lower layers. Finally, we demonstrate that BMP4, as well as BMP2, is capable of inducing epidermal fate by distorting the epidermis-neural plate boundary. This, however, does not happen independently within the neural plate or outside the normal DLX5 domain. In the area opaca, the co-transplantation of a BMP4 bead with a node graft leads to the induction of DLX5, thus indicating the cooperation of two factors. We conclude that ectodermal patterning is achieved by signalling both from the midline and from the periphery, within the upper but also from the lower layers.

Transient embryonic antigens in the chick

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
D. J. McCallion ◽  
J. C. Trott
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Chicken Brain ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Embryonic Antigens ◽  
Specific Antigens ◽  
The Brain

The Presence of an organ antigen in the early chick embryo was first demonstrated by Schechtman (1948). He found that an antigenic substance common to brain, heart, liver and muscle of chicks at hatching is already present in primitive streak and early neurula stages of the embryo. This observation, with respect to brain and heart, was subsequently confirmed by Ebert (1950). McCallion & Langman (1964) have recently demonstrated that there are at least eight antigenic substances in the adult chicken brain that are class-specific but that are more or less common to other organs, with only quantitative differences. These authors have further demonstrated that there are at least three, possibly as many as five, antigenic substances in adult chicken brain that are not only class-specific but also tissue-specific, occurring only in the brain, spinal cord, nervous retina and nerves. The non-specific antigens appear progressively during the first 4 days of incubation.

The Inhibitory Action of Antimycin A in the Early Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
J. McKenzie ◽  
J. D. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Biological Action ◽  
Antimycin A ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Sensitive Factor ◽  
Different Tissues

Antimycin A, an antibiotic obtained from an undetermined species of streptomyces, was isolated, crystallized, and described by Dunshee, Leben, Keitt, & Strong (1949), and its biological action has been studied by many workers since then. Ahmad, Schneider, & Strong (1950) demonstrated its effects on the growth and metabolism of yeast, on enzyme activities in the succinoxidase system, and on rats given the drug orally. Potter & Reif (1952) confirmed the inhibitory effect of antimycin A on the succinoxidase system in liver, suggested the presence of an ‘antimycin A-blocked factor’, identical, probably, with the ‘Slater factor’ and showed that, in certain tissues, there is an antimycin A-insensitive pathway for DPN oxidation. The same workers, Reif & Potter (1954), used the drug to characterize the pathways of DPN oxidation in different tissues. Green, Mii, & Kahout (1955) and Thorn (1956) argue from their experiments that the BAL-sensitive (Slater) factor and the antimycin A-sensitive factor are not identical.

Labelling of basement membrane constituents in the living chick embryo during gastrulation

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Esmond J. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Concanavalin A ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Basal Surface ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Relationship

The basement membrane of the living chick embryo epiblast has been labelled with ultrastructural markers in order to study the movement and turnover of this structure during gastrulation. Two problems were addressed in these experiments. Firstly, to what extent does the basement membrane move medially with the epiblast during morphogenesis? Secondly, what is the relationship to the basement membrane of the so-called interstitial bodies? The ultrastructural markers used were concanavalin A conjugated to ferritin and fibronectin antibodies conjugated to peroxidase. Embryos were cultured using the technique of New, and the label was applied to the periphery of the basal surface of the epiblast through a hole in the endoblast at the early primitive streak stage of development. The embryos were then allowed to develop to the full primitive streak stage in the presence of the label. When the position of the label was determined after incubation, it was found to have accumulated in large amounts at the edge of the primitive streak at the point where the basement membrane is disrupted. This indicates that constituents of the basement membrane are transported medially with the epiblast cells and are sloughed off as the latter pass through the primitive streak. This movement of basement membrane constituents is counter to the direction of migration of the underlying mesoderm cells. When embryos are exposed to label for only 1 h, then washed and incubated for a further three hours, the marker was found in the interstitial bodies and not distributed throughout the basement membrane itself. This suggests that the interstitial bodies, which have been implicated in influencing the migration of the mesoderm cells, are turnover products of the basement membrane to which they are attached.

On Duplicitas Anterior in an Early Chick Embryo

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 622-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Bryce
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Stage 1

The literature of Duplicity in Birds affords, out of a total of about ninety-five recorded cases of multiple formations of all kinds on a single blastoderm, from the stage of the primitive streak to the fourth day of incubation, only a small proportion of instances of “duplicitas anterior.” Dareste (i.) in his atlas figures three; Gerlach (ii.) adds representations of three others—one case of his own, a second originally described by Ahlfeld, and a third by Reichert; Klaussner (iii.) gives a seventh case; and Bianchi (iv.) describes a monstrous embryo at a later stage (1°5 cm. in length).Most observers have been content with the partial information derived from the study of the whole object, and only three embryos of this class, which have been studied in serial sections, have been described:—1st. Erich Hoffman's (v.) with three somites.2nd. Mitrophanow's (vi.) with six somites.3rd. Kaestner's (vii.) with seven somites.

scholarly journals ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR LOW-RESISTANCE INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS IN THE EARLY CHICK EMBRYO

1968 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judson D. Sheridan
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Tube ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Neural Plate ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Low Resistance ◽  
Electrophysiological Evidence ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Different Tissues

Electrophysiological evidence is presented for the exchange of small ions directly between cells interiors, i.e. "electrical coupling," in the early chick embryo. Experiments with intracellular marking show that coupling is widespread, occurring between cells in the same tissue, e.g. ectoderm, notochord, neural plate, mesoderm, and Hensen's node, and between cells in different tissues, e.g. notochord to neural plate, notochord to neural tube, notochord to mesoderm. The coupling demonstrates the presence of specialized low-resistance intercellular junctions as found in other embryos and numerous adult tissues. The results are discussed in relation to recent electron microscopical studies of intercellular junctions in the early chick embryo. The function of the electrical coupling in embryogenesis remains unknown, but some possibilities are considered.

Metabolic Characteristics of the Heart-forming Areas of the Early Chick Embryo

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-339
Author(s):  
Lowell M. Duffey ◽  
James D. Ebert
Keyword(s):  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Primitive Streak ◽  
Cardiac Myosin ◽  
Early Chick Embryo ◽  
Metabolic Characteristics ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Cardiac Actin ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Cardiac Contractile Proteins

Our knowledge of the sequence of events that culminate in the onset of contracility in the heart of the early chick embryo has been evaluated by Ebert, Tolman, Mun, & Albright (1955). Immunochemical analyses made during the initial phases of cardiogenesis, which precede the appearance of recognizable cardiac primordia, indicate that in the embryo at the head-process stage the distribution of the proteins, cardiac myosin (Ebert, 1953), and cardiac actin (Ebert et al., 1955), coincides with the heart-forming areas as defined by isolation methods (Rawles, 1943). In earlier stages detectable quantities of cardiac actin are absent, and cardiac myosin is distributed throughout the epiblast in the embryo at the definitive primitive streak stage. Present concepts of the synthesis and distribution of the cardiac contractile proteins are based on the sensitivity of the immunochemical methods.

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