Chromosomes and sex differentiation in eutherians

Development ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 83 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Ulrich Müller
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cell Clones ◽  
Specific Proteins

In order to learn more about the role of sex chromosome-dependent gene products in gonadogenesis, changes in protein patterns were studied during gonadal development. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis revealed specific proteins in both sexes at all developmental stages. Evidently the gonads are not indifferent by biochemical criteria at any developmental stage and express several specific genes from the onset of differentiation. To correlate these polypeptides with the sex chromosomes, proteins were investigated in human–rodent somatic cell hybrids and in genetically identical cell clones differing in one sex chromosome only. On two-dimensional gels one Y-dependent polypeptide was found with similar characteristics (relative molecular mass and isoelectric point) as an early testicular polypeptide. Its identity, however, remains to be proven.

Proteins in normal, irradiated, and postmortem human brain quantitatively compared by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1989-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R K Narayan ◽  
W E Heydorn ◽  
G J Creed ◽  
P L Kornblith ◽  
D M Jacobowitz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Pattern ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Human Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Postmortem Human Brain ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fresh Frozen

Abstract Using a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), silver staining, and computerized densitometry, we studied protein patterns in human cerebral cortex: normal fresh-frozen, fresh-frozen but previously irradiated, and post-mortem. The relative molecular mass of the resolved proteins ranged from 14 400 to 100 000, the isoelectric points from 4.75 to 7.0. The pattern of proteins (six of them identified) was essentially the same for all three groups. However, computerized densitometry demonstrated significant alterations in the density of several spots in the irradiated and postmortem groups as compared with the normal controls. Irradiated cortex showed statistically significant changes in only six spots (three increased and three decreased in density); postmortem material showed 20 altered spots (16 diminished and four increased). Evidently normal human cerebral cortex has a consistent protein pattern on 2DE, which is quantitatively (but not qualitatively) altered in irradiated and postmortem material. These findings provide a point of reference against which proteins from abnormal brain material can be compared, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Analysis of the cytosolic proteins of chick embryo gonads by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-230
Author(s):  
J. Samsel ◽  
B. Lorber ◽  
A. Petit ◽  
J. -P. Weniger
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Different Tissues

Gonads and mesonephros dissected from normal chick embryos, as well as a blood sample, were labelled in vitro with [35S]methionine and [14C]leucine. The patterns of cytosolic protein synthesis of the different tissues were analysed using two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three developmental stages, i.e. 8, 12 and 17 days of incubation, were investigated. Five sex-specific proteins were detected in the male and two in the female. In the testis, only one protein is already present at the 8-day stage. In the ovary, one protein exists since the 8-day stage, but it is also synthesized in the mesonephros. The second ovary-specific protein appeared only at the 12-day stage.

scholarly journals Clustering of Clinical Strains ofHelicobacter pylori Analyzed by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Enroth ◽  
Thomas Åkerlund ◽  
Anna Sillén ◽  
Lars Engstrand
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Strain Variation ◽  
Disease Group ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Disease Specific

ABSTRACT Strain variations of Helicobacter pylori have been tested by numerous methods and compared among different patient groups. The aim of this study was to investigate whether H. pyloriexpresses disease-specific proteins that can be detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). H. pylori strains isolated from duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer, and gastritis patients were analyzed. Extensive variation in spot patterns was observed between the strains, but a dendrogram analysis revealed that some strains within each disease group clustered together. Eight proteins were sequenced and found in the H. pylori genome sequence. 2-D PAGE is a useful method for studies of protein expression and for highlighting the extensive strain variation that H. pylori exhibits.

scholarly journals Transcriptomics analysis revealing candidate genes and networks for sex differentiation of Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqing Zhou ◽  
Zhihong Liu ◽  
Yinghui Dong ◽  
Xiujun Sun ◽  
Biao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Patinopecten Yessoensis ◽  
Mizuhopecten Yessoensis ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Yesso Scallop

Abstract Background:The Yesso scallop, Patinopecten (Mizuhopecten) yessoensis, is a commercially important bivalve in the coastal countries of Northeast Asia. It has complex modes of sex differentiation, but knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this sex determination and differentiation is limited. Results:In this study, the gonad tissues from females and males at three developmental stages were used to investigate candidate genes and networks for sex differentiation via RNA-Req. A total of 901,980,606 high quality clean reads were obtained from 18 libraries, of which 417 expressed male-specific genes and 754 expressed female-specific genes. Totally, 10,074 genes differentially expressed in females and males were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that turquoise and green gene modules were significantly positively correlated with male gonads, while coral1 and black modules were significantly associated with female gonads. The most important gene for sex determination and differentiation was Pydmrt1, which was the only gene discovered that determined the male sex phenotype during early gonadal differentiation. Enrichment analyses of GO terms and KEGG pathways revealed that genes involved in metabolism, genetic and environmental information processes or pathways are sex-biased. Forty-nine genes in the five modules involved in sex differentiation or determination were identified and selected to construct a gene co-expression network and a hypothesized sex differentiation pathway. Conclusions: The current study focused on screening genes of sex differentiation in Yesso scallop, highlighting the potential regulatory mechanisms of gonadal development in P. yessoensis. Our data suggested that WCGNA can facilitate identification of key genes for sex differentiation and determination. Using this method, a hypothesized P. yessoensis sex determination and differentiation pathway was constructed. In this pathway, Pydmrt1 may have a leading function.

scholarly journals Transcriptomics analysis revealing candidate genes and networks for sex differentiation of Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqing Zhou ◽  
Zhihong Liu ◽  
Yinghui Dong ◽  
Xiujun Sun ◽  
Biao Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Patinopecten Yessoensis ◽  
Mizuhopecten Yessoensis ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Yesso Scallop

Abstract Background:The Yesso scallop, Patinopecten (Mizuhopecten) yessoensis, is a commercially important bivalve in the coastal countries of Northeast Asia. It has complex modes of sex differentiation, but knowledge of the mechanisms underlying this sex determination and differentiation is limited. Results:In this study, the gonad tissues from females and males at three developmental stages were used to investigate candidate genes and networks for sex differentiation via RNA-Req. A total of 901,980,606 high quality clean reads were obtained from 18 libraries, of which 417 expressed male-specific genes and 754 expressed female-specific genes. Totally, 10,074 genes differentially expressed in females and males were identified. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that turquoise and green gene modules were significantly positively correlated with male gonads, while coral1 and black modules were significantly associated with female gonads. The most important gene for sex determination and differentiation was Pydmrt1, which was the only gene discovered that determined the male sex phenotype during early gonadal differentiation. Enrichment analyses of GO terms and KEGG pathways revealed that genes involved in metabolism, genetic and environmental information processes or pathways are sex-biased. Forty-nine genes in the five modules involved in sex differentiation or determination were identified and selected to construct a gene co-expression network and a hypothesized sex differentiation pathway. Conclusions: The current study focused on screening genes of sex differentiation in Yesso scallop, highlighting the potential regulatory mechanisms of gonadal development in P. yessoensis. Our data suggested that WCGNA can facilitate identification of key genes for sex differentiation and determination. Using this method, a hypothesized P. yessoensis sex determination and differentiation pathway was constructed. In this pathway, Pydmrt1 may have a leading function.

Dimorphic Expression of Selected Genes in Lepidocephalus thermalis using Cross-Specific Primers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Balaganesan ◽  
K. Karalmarx ◽  
R. Jeya Shakila
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Expression Study ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Dimorphic Expression

Background: The existence of two distinct forms within a species that differ in one or more characteristics is known as dimorphism. The gonads are the primary organs in teleost to show sexual dimorphism. Lepidocephalus thermalis belongs to the Cobitidae family. No expression study on the developmental stages was done on this species. Since there is no specific primers reported for L. thermalis, the study has been carried out with the help of the specific primers of catfish. Methods: qRT- PCR is an acknowledged method for gene expression analysis due to its precision and reproducibility. In the current study, the expression of 14 different transcription factors involved in sex differentiation of Indian spiny loach during different developmental stages was analyzed using qRT- PCR and has been compared among the different stages of gonadal development for that transcription factor. Results: Gene expression patterns have been obtained from the total RNA isolated from MSG (Meso nephric gonadal complex), medium stage ovary, medium stage testis, large stage ovary and large stage testis. From the study, it has been analyzed that only sf1 has higher expression in testis and all the other transcription factors has shown higher expression in ovary.

Proteins of human urine. II. Identification by two-dimensional electrophoresis of a new candidate marker for prostatic cancer.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J J Edwards ◽  
N G Anderson ◽  
S L Tollaksen ◽  
A C von Eschenbach ◽  
J Guevara
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Relative Molecular Mass ◽  
Urogenital System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Candidate Marker ◽  
Two Dimensional Electrophoresis ◽  
Dimensional Electrophoresis

Abstract A protein series common to the urine and prostatic tissue of 16 of 17 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma has been identified by high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. These proteins, designated PCA-1, have a relative molecular mass in sodium dodecyl sulfate of about 40000. Analyses of urines from eight age-matched controls, seven patients with other ty pes of urogenital malignancies, two patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and five patients with malignancies not associated with the urogenital system failed to show PCA-1 in the patterns. These preliminary findings suggest that this protein should be systematically investigated as a candidate marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma in man.

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