scholarly journals Pathfinding by dorsal column axons in the spinal cord of the frog tadpole

Development ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Holder ◽  
J.D. Clarke ◽  
D. Tonge
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Frog Tadpole ◽  
Dorsal Columns

Sensory fibres from dorsal root ganglia (DRG) enter the spinal cord and run within a clearly defined ipsilateral pathway, the dorsal column, which lies in the dorsal funiculus. We have examined the characteristics of this pathway as a defined substrate for dorsal column axons in Rana temporaria tadpoles by rotating the thoracic spinal cord through 180 degrees from dorsal to ventral. Using HRP as a neuronal tracer we establish that many dorsal column axons from the hindlimb locate the ipsilateral or contralateral dorsal column pathway in the rotated cord. Other axons locate and grow caudally down the contralateral dorsal column returning to the lumbar region. Axons of the dorsal column never take an inappropriate pathway except at the transection sites where they negotiate abnormal routes to reach the contralateral or ipsilateral dorsal columns in normally positioned or rotated cord. The results demonstrate that the dorsal columns act as highly specific pathways for axons from DRG neurones but the axons' interactions with the pathway do not control the craniocaudal or left-right options for growth.

Stage-dependent restoration of sensory dorsal columns following spinal cord transection in anuran tadpoles

1986 ◽  
Vol 227 (1246) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Axon Growth ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Anterograde Transport ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Complete Transection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Dorsal Columns ◽  
Stage Viii

In frogs sensory axons from the lumbar dorsal roots ascend in the dorsal column of the spinal cord to terminate in the medulla and cerebellum. The response of these axons to complete transection of the thoracic spinal cord has been analysed in Rana temporaria tadpoles at different stages of development. The presence and position of dorsal column axons were assessed by using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase or by electrophysiological methods. Before developmental stage VIII, dorsal column axons can grow across the transection and reach their normal areas of termination in the brainstem. Axons that do cross the transection follow their normal pathways. From stage VIII onwards this capacity for growth is largely lost. These results are discussed in terms of the relation between neurogenesis, axon growth and axonal regeneration.

Histopathology of experimental hematomyelia

1991 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Milhorat ◽  
David E. Adler ◽  
Ian M. Heger ◽  
John I. Miller ◽  
Joanna R. Hollenberg-Sher
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Dorsal Columns

✓ The pathology of hematomyelia was examined in 35 rats following the stereotactic injection of 2 µl blood into the dorsal columns of the thoracic spinal cord. This experimental model produced a small ball-hemorrhage without associated neurological deficits or significant tissue injury. Histological sections of the whole spinal cord were studied at intervals ranging from 2 hours to 4 months after injection. In acute experiments (2 to 6 hours postinjection), blood was sometimes seen within the lumen of the central canal extending rostrally to the level of the fourth ventricle. Between 24 hours and 3 days, the parenchymal hematoma became consolidated and there was an intense proliferation of microglial cells at the perimeter of the lesion. The cells invaded the hematoma, infiltrated its core, and removed erythrocytes by phagocytosis. Rostral to the lesion, the lumen of the central canal was found to contain varying amounts of fibrin, proteinaceous material, and cellular debris for up to 15 days. These findings were much less prominent in the segments of the canal caudal to the lesion. Healing of the parenchymal hematoma was usually complete within 4 to 6 weeks except for residual hemosiderin-laden microglial cells and focal gliosis at the lesion site. It is concluded that the clearance of atraumatic hematomyelia probably involves two primary mechanisms: 1) phagocytosis of the focal hemorrhage by microglial cells; and 2) drainage of blood products in a rostral direction through the central canal of the spinal cord.

Intraoperative evoked potentials recorded in man directly from dorsal roots and spinal cord

1985 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 680-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine S. Nashold ◽  
Janice Ovelmen-Levitt ◽  
Robbin Sharpe ◽  
Alfred C. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Negative Wave ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Root Entry Zone ◽  
Dorsal Columns

✓ Direct spinal cord surface recordings of evoked spinal cord potentials have been made in 26 patients during neurosurgical procedures for intractable pain. Monopolar recordings at the dorsal root entry zone after peripheral nerve stimulation have been made at multiple levels for segmental localization and to monitor the state of the afferent path and dorsal horn. Dorsal root and dorsal column conduction has been tested on diseased and intact sides. Normal afferent conduction velocity was found to have an overall mean of 61.33 m/sec for cervicothoracic and lumbosacral peripheral nerves, and 50 m/sec for the dorsal columns. The normal mean amplitude for the slow negative wave (N1) recorded at the root entry was 52.54 µV, while that for the dorsal column conducted response recorded within 4 cm of the stimulus point on the dorsal columns was 347.5 µV. Several different placements of stimulating and recording electrodes are described, as well as their application. An interpretation of the resulting data is proposed.

scholarly journals Dorsal root ganglion stimulation for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the foot

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. V8
Author(s):  
Kevin Hines ◽  
Fadi Al Saiegh ◽  
Aria Mahtabfar ◽  
Kavantissa M. Keppetipola ◽  
Caio M. Matias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome ◽  
Spinal Cord Stimulation ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Plantar Aspect ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
The Right

This is a case of a 54-year-old man presenting with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type 1 of the right lower extremity, which was most debilitating in the plantar aspect of the right foot. The patient had prior treatment with thoracic spinal cord stimulation; however, the foot pain remained intractable. Given that his pain was predominantly in his foot and remained debilitating despite thoracic spinal cord stimulation, it was recommended that the patient undergo a trial of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation. The surgical technique for placement of dorsal root ganglion stimulators is demonstrated in this operative video.The video can be found here: https://youtu.be/_1xMxFZa6tU

Selective cephalic upregulation of p-ERK, CamKII and p-CREB in response to glyceryl trinitrate infusion

Cephalalgia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshni Ramachandran ◽  
Sara Hougaard Pedersen ◽  
Dipak Vasantrao Amrutkar ◽  
Steffen Petersen ◽  
Julie Mie Jacobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Trigeminal Ganglion ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Extracellular Signal

Background A common characteristic of migraine-inducing substances is that they cause headache and no pain in other areas of the body. Few studies have compared pain mechanisms in the trigeminal and spinal systems and, so far, no major differences have been noted. We compared signalling molecules in the trigeminal and spinothalamic system after infusion of the migraine-provoking substance glyceryltrinitrate. Method A catheter was placed in the femoral vein of rats and one week later glyceryltrinitrate 4 µg/kg/min was infused for 20 min. Protein expression in the dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, nucleus caudalis, dorsal root ganglion and the dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord was analysed at different time points using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Glyceryltrinitrate caused a threefold increase in expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases at 30 min in the dura mater and nucleus caudalis ( P < 0.05) and at 2 h in the trigeminal ganglion with very few expressions in the dorsal root ganglion. In the nucleus caudalis, expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Cam KII increased 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, at 2 h after glycerytrinitrate infusion ( P < 0.01). p-CREB/ATF-1 upregulation was observed only at 30 min ( P < 0.05) in the nucleus caudalis. None of these markers showed increased expression in the regions of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn. Conclusion The dura, trigeminal ganglion and nucleus caudalis are activated shortly after glycerytrinitrate infusion with long-lasting expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases observed in the nucleus caudalis. These activations were not observed at the spinal level.

Effect of Injury to the Dorsal Funiculus of the Thoracic Spinal Cord on Micturition in Decerebrate and Freely-Moving Cats

1999 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimio Sugaya ◽  
Yoshihide Ogawa ◽  
Tadashi Hatano ◽  
Yuzo Koyama ◽  
Tomonori Miyazato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Freely Moving Cats

Oxygen fields in specific spinal loci of the canine spinal cord

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (5) ◽  
pp. H761-H766
Author(s):  
B. T. Stokes ◽  
M. Garwood ◽  
P. Walters
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Multimodal Distributions ◽  
Dorsal Columns ◽  
Oxygen Microelectrode ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
Made In

Oxygen tension (PO2) measurements were made in the dog spinal cord with a small recessed-tip oxygen microelectrode. The use of vibration and specific marking techniques has allowed the elimination of tissue compression artifacts and the mapping of regional PO2 in the thoracic spinal cord. A symmetrical distribution of PO2 values can be shown for the lateral white funiculi; the gray matter and dorsal columns have multimodal distributions. Statistical evaluation showed all these areas to have different PO2 profiles; PO2 values (mmHg) were 61.2 +/- 12.4 for the lateral white funiculi, 55.3 +/- 19.0 for the dorsal columns, and 30.0 +/- 13.6 in spinal gray. The relatively normal distribution patterns of these oxygen tensions indicate that traditional statistical methods may be used to compare and evaluate oxygen diffusion fields in the adult spinal cord.

Spontaneous Herniation of the Thoracic Spinal Cord: A Case Report

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Chan Jin ◽  
Seoung Ro Lee ◽  
Dong Woo Park ◽  
Kyung Bin Joo
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Spontaneous Herniation

Lipomeningocele associated with diplomyelia in a dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Ondreka ◽  
Sara Malberg ◽  
Emma Laws ◽  
Martin Schmidt ◽  
Sabine Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Split Cord Malformation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Subcutaneous Mass ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

SummaryA 2-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog with a body weight of 30 kg was presented for evaluation of a soft subcutaneous mass on the dorsal midline at the level of the caudal thoracic spine. A further clinical sign was intermittent pain on palpation of the area of the subcutaneous mass. The owner also described a prolonged phase of urination with repeated interruption and re-initiation of voiding. The findings of the neurological examination were consistent with a lesion localization between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spina bifida with a lipomeningocele and diplomyelia (split cord malformation type I) at the level of thoracic vertebra 11 and 12 and secondary syringomyelia above the aforementioned defects in the caudal thoracic spinal cord. Surgical resection of the lipomeningocele via a hemilaminectomy was performed. After initial deterioration of the neurological status postsurgery with paraplegia and absent deep pain sensation the dog improved within 2 weeks to non-ambulatory paraparesis with voluntary urination. Six weeks postoperatively the dog was ambulatory, according to the owner. Two years after surgery the owner recorded that the dog showed a normal gait, a normal urination and no pain. Histopathological diagnosis of the biopsied material revealed a lipomeningocele which confirmed the radiological diagnosis.

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