Three-dimensional reconstruction of the chromatin bodies in the nuclei of mature erythrocytes from the newt Triturus cristatus: the number of nuclear envelope-attachment sites

1979 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
A.B. Murray ◽  
H.G. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Triturus Cristatus ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Attachment Sites ◽  
Chromatin Body ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Discrete Site

The arrangement of the chromatin bodies in the interphase nuclei of 6 erythrocytes has been investigated by means of 3-dimensional reconstruction from electron micrographs of serial sections. When the borders of chromatin bodies are marked on the surface of each model, discrete areas of chromatin in contact with the nuclear envelope are revealed. The number of these areas in approximately equal to the number of chromosomes in the diploid set. The data suggest that each chromatin body corresponds to a condensed interphase chromosome and that each chromosome is attached to one discrete site on the nuclear envelope. The data are insufficient to show whether or not the condensed chromosomes are arranged in any orderly pattern in these nuclei.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Using Stereo Pairs from Serial Thick Sections

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 562-563
Author(s):  
Robert Glaeser ◽  
Thomas Bauer ◽  
David Grano
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Stereo Imagery ◽  
Whole Mounts

In transmission electron microscopy, the 3-dimensional structure of an object is usually obtained in one of two ways. For objects which can be included in one specimen, as for example with elements included in freeze- dried whole mounts and examined with a high voltage microscope, stereo pairs can be obtained which exhibit the 3-D structure of the element. For objects which can not be included in one specimen, the 3-D shape is obtained by reconstruction from serial sections. However, without stereo imagery, only detail which remains constant within the thickness of the section can be used in the reconstruction; consequently, the choice is between a low resolution reconstruction using a few thick sections and a better resolution reconstruction using many thin sections, generally a tedious chore. This paper describes an approach to 3-D reconstruction which uses stereo images of serial thick sections to reconstruct an object including detail which changes within the depth of an individual thick section.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Topographical Cerebral Surface Anatomy for Presurgical Planning With Free OsiriX Software

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet V. Harput ◽  
Pablo Gonzalez-Lopez ◽  
Uğur Türe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Indocyanine Green Videoangiography ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Surface Anatomy ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
High Resolution Ultrasonography

Abstract BACKGROUND: During surgery for intrinsic brain lesions, it is important to distinguish the pathological gyrus from the surrounding normal sulci and gyri. This task is usually tedious because of the pia-arachnoid membranes with their arterial and venous complexes that obscure the underlying anatomy. Moreover, most tumors grow in the white matter without initially distorting the cortical anatomy, making their direct visualization more difficult. OBJECTIVE: To create and evaluate a simple and free surgical planning tool to simulate the anatomy of the surgical field with and without vessels. METHODS: We used free computer software (OsiriX Medical Imaging Software) that allowed us to create 3-dimensional reconstructions of the cerebral surface with and without cortical vessels. These reconstructions made use of magnetic resonance images from 51 patients with neocortical supratentorial lesions operated on over a period of 21 months (June 2011 to February 2013). The 3-dimensional (3-D) anatomic images were compared with the true surgical view to evaluate their accuracy. In all patients, the landmarks determined by 3-D reconstruction were cross-checked during surgery with high-resolution ultrasonography; in select cases, they were also checked with indocyanine green videoangiography. RESULTS: The reconstructed neurovascular structures were confirmed intraoperatively in all patients. We found this technique to be extremely useful in achieving pure lesionectomy, as it defines tumor's borders precisely. CONCLUSION: A 3-D reconstruction of the cortical surface can be easily created with free OsiriX software. This technique helps the surgeon perfect the mentally created 3-D picture of the tumor location to carry out cleaner, safer surgeries.

A three-dimensional reconstruction of the polygonal pattern on placental coated-vesicle membranes

1976 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
C.D. Ockleford
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
Human Placenta ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coated Vesicle ◽  
Vesicle Formation ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Vesicle Membranes ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Polygonal Pattern

There is a surface structure on the coated vesicles of human placenta. Some features of this structure have been examined. Measurements of the polygonal network seen in surface views have been made and compared with measurements of structures projecting from vesicle walls in median sections. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the vesicle shows the pattern to be one of raised ridges. Use of a goniometer to tilt the specimens has confirmed the assumption that both types of image obtained as from one structure. Although it is usually the case that vesicles are approximately spherical, some are definitely irregularly shaped. For this reason it is suggested that the walls of the polygons need not always be packed into a structure with a regular and precisely maintained pattern. Consideration of the surface structure in the light of current understanding of the cell membrane as a dynamic system leads to a possible explanation of the process of vesicle formation in this context and of the selective nature of uptake by micropinocytosis.

scholarly journals Specific interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope: positional determination within the nucleus in Drosophila melanogaster.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
W F Marshall ◽  
A F Dernburg ◽  
B Harmon ◽  
D A Agard ◽  
J W Sedat
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Specific Interactions ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
Chromatin Proteins ◽  
Discrete Site ◽  
Large Stretch ◽  
Drosophila Embryos

Specific interactions of chromatin with the nuclear envelope (NE) in early embryos of Drosophila melanogaster have been mapped and analyzed. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the three-dimensional positions of 42 DNA probes, primarily to chromosome 2L, have been mapped in nuclei of intact Drosophila embryos, revealing five euchromatic and two heterochromatic regions associated with the NE. These results predict that there are approximately 15 NE contacts per chromosome arm, which delimit large chromatin loops of approximately 1-2 Mb. These NE association sites do not strictly correlate with scaffold-attachment regions, heterochromatin, or binding sites of known chromatin proteins. Pairs of neighboring probes surrounding one NE association site were used to delimit the NE association site more precisely, suggesting that peripheral localization of a large stretch of chromatin is likely to result from NE association at a single discrete site. These NE interactions are not established until after telophase, by which time the nuclear envelope has reassembled around the chromosomes, and they are thus unlikely to be involved in binding of NE vesicles to chromosomes following mitosis. Analysis of positions of these probes also reveals that the interphase nucleus is strongly polarized in a Rabl configuration which, together with specific targeting to the NE or to the nuclear interior, results in each locus occupying a highly determined position within the nucleus.

scholarly journals Condensins Exert Force on Chromatin-Nuclear Envelope Tethers to Mediate Nucleoplasmic Reticulum Formation in Drosophila melanogaster

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna Bozler ◽  
Huy Q Nguyen ◽  
Gregory C Rogers ◽  
Giovanni Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Chromatin Condensation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nuclear Architecture ◽  
Nuclear Lamina ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Interphase Chromosome ◽  
Chromatin Compaction ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Nucleoplasmic Reticulum

Abstract Although the nuclear envelope is known primarily for its role as a boundary between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotes, it plays a vital and dynamic role in many cellular processes. Studies of nuclear structure have revealed tissue-specific changes in nuclear envelope architecture, suggesting that its three-dimensional structure contributes to its functionality. Despite the importance of the nuclear envelope, the factors that regulate and maintain nuclear envelope shape remain largely unexplored. The nuclear envelope makes extensive and dynamic interactions with the underlying chromatin. Given this inexorable link between chromatin and the nuclear envelope, it is possible that local and global chromatin organization reciprocally impact nuclear envelope form and function. In this study, we use Drosophila salivary glands to show that the three-dimensional structure of the nuclear envelope can be altered with condensin II-mediated chromatin condensation. Both naturally occurring and engineered chromatin-envelope interactions are sufficient to allow chromatin compaction forces to drive distortions of the nuclear envelope. Weakening of the nuclear lamina further enhanced envelope remodeling, suggesting that envelope structure is capable of counterbalancing chromatin compaction forces. Our experiments reveal that the nucleoplasmic reticulum is born of the nuclear envelope and remains dynamic in that they can be reabsorbed into the nuclear envelope. We propose a model where inner nuclear envelope-chromatin tethers allow interphase chromosome movements to change nuclear envelope morphology. Therefore, interphase chromatin compaction may be a normal mechanism that reorganizes nuclear architecture, while under pathological conditions, such as laminopathies, compaction forces may contribute to defects in nuclear morphology.

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Measurement of the Vestibular End-Organs

1988 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Takagi ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Akira Takagi ◽  
Isamu Sando
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Small Computer ◽  
Lateral Semicircular Canal ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Vestibular Endorgans ◽  
Length And Area ◽  
Bone Structures

It is very valuable for temporal bone morphologists to be able to recognize temporal bone serial sections in three dimensions and to be able to measure temporal bone structures three-dimensionally. We can now do 3-dimensional reconstruction to visualize the structures of vestibular endorgans (utricular and saccular maculae) and measure these endorgans in space by means of a small computer system and software that we developed. As well as obtaining the dimensions—such as length and area—of the utricular and saccular maculae, we also found that (1) most of the utricular macula lies in one plane, which is the same as the plane of the lateral semicircular canal, (2) the saccular macula is shaped like part of a sphere, and (3) the angle between the two maculae is less than a right angle. Such knowledge is indispensable to the evaluation of the function of the utricular and saccular maculae.)

New Insights Into the Three-Dimensional Structure of the Nucleus and Chromosomes

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 213-214
Author(s):  
J. Sedat ◽  
W. Marshall ◽  
A. Dernburg ◽  
J. Fung ◽  
D. Agard
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Structure ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Position Effect Variegation ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Interphase Nuclei ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Specific Localization

Recent methodology, to be described, now makes possible specific localization and analysis of genetic loci within 3-Dimensional interphase nuclei in intact cells and tissues with minimal perturbation of the chromosome structure (Dernburg and Sedat, 1997). These techniques define genetic loci that specifically interact with the nuclear envelope and interior structures; we are able to map all loci to highly localized 3-dimensional positions within Drosophila embryonic nuclei (Marshall et al, 1996). S-Dimensions-as-a-function-of-time (4-D) studies of live nuclei, from Yeast and Drosophila, allow dynamic chromosome interactions to be probed and quantitated. Our results suggest a very dynamic but highly determined and organized nucleus. Using these approaches, we can now study specific mechanisms leading to homologue chromosome pairing and position-effect variegation (Dernburg et al., 1996).

New Three-Dimensional Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (Art)

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 82-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gordon ◽  
Robert Bender
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fourier Method ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Data Set ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques ◽  
Electron Microscope Data ◽  
Algebraic Reconstruction

Algebraic reconstruction techniques (ART) for 3-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscope data have been developed and implemented in this laboratory. These methods are an alternitive to the Fourier method of de Rosier and Klug and have several advantages over it, such as:relatively few views are required (about 6-12)limited angular ranges give useful reconstructions (+/-30°)no presumption of symmetry is necessary for facile implementingcomputation is fasterthe computation is stable in the presence of noiseThe dimensionality of the problem may be reduced from three to two by tilts about a single axis, so that planes perpendicular to the axis of tilt are independent of each other. This is not absolutely necessary, but is by far the most tractable mode computationally. A typical input data set, then, consists of m≥6 photos of the same region of the specimen at several known angles of tilt about the same axis. In general the direction of the tilt axis is not known.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of large subcellular structures: A method for combining axial tilt tomography with serial reconstruction of thick sections

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 904-905
Author(s):  
Gabriel E. Soto ◽  
Maryann E. Martone ◽  
Stephan Lamont ◽  
Bridget O. Carragher ◽  
Thomas J. Deerinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Axial Tilt

The study of subcellular structures requires the resolution afforded by the electron microscope. However, cellular organelle systems can extend for tens of microns and therefore cannot be encompassed in a single thin section required for conventional electron microscopic observation. Even with the use of high voltage electron microscopy, section thickness is limited to no more than a few microns. Visualization of 3-dimensional cellular structure in large volumes of tissue can be achieved by using 3-dimensional reconstructions based on serial sections. This approach is often tedious, requiring an extremely large series of thin sections in order to encompass the structure of interest. This method also suffers from technical difficulties in obtaining, processing and maintaining adequate registration over large numbers of sections. We have been exploring a method in which the number of sections is reduced by employing a series of thick sections in which the structures of interest are selectively stained. Three-dimensional information is extracted from each section using axial tilt tomography. The resulting serial volumes are then aligned and linked to form a single volume which is displayed using volume rendering techniques.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Reconstruction and Morphologic Measurements of Human Embryonic Hearts: A New Diagnostic and Quantitative Method Applicable to Fetuses Younger than 13 Weeks of Gestation

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Schleich ◽  
Jean-Louis Dillenseger ◽  
Laurence Loeuillet ◽  
Jacques-Philippe Moulinoux ◽  
Claude Almange
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Development ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Cardiac Volume ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
First Results ◽  
Made In

Improvements in the diagnosis of congenital malformations explain the increasing early termination of pregnancies. Before 13 weeks of gestation, an accurate in vivo anatomic diagnosis cannot currently be made in all fetuses with current imaging instrumentation. Anatomopathologic examinations remain the gold standard to make accurate diagnoses, although they reach limits between 9 and 13 weeks of gestation. We present the first results of a methodology that can be applied routinely, using standard histologic section, thus enabling the reconstruction, visual estimate, and quantitative analysis of 13-week human embryonic cardiac structures. The cardiac blocks were fixed, embedded in paraffin, and entirely sliced by a microtome. One of 10 slices was topographically colored and digitized on an optical microscope. Cardiac volume was recovered by semiautomatic realignment of the sections. Another semiautomatic procedure allowed extracting and labeling of cardiac structures from the volume. Structures were studied with display tools, which disclosed the internal and external cardiac components and enabled determination of size, thickness, and precise positioning of ventricles, atria, and large vessels. This pilot study confirmed that a new 3-dimensional reconstruction and visualization method enables accurate diagnoses, including in embryos younger than 13 weeks. Its implementation at earlier stages of embryogenesis will provide a clearer view of cardiac development.

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