Characterization and Distribution of Cenozoic Polygonal Fault: Case Studies in West Africa and Vietnam Continental Margins

The Cenozoic sequence of offshore Cameroon and Vietnam has been analysed based on newly 1500 km2 3D seismic data (Kribi-Campo basin) and 75 km 2D seismic data (Hoang Sa basin). Polygonal faults are widely developed in both passive margins and have relatively similar characteristics. These highly faulted intervals are up to c. 1000 m, characterized by normal faults with a throw of 10-20 ms TWT and 100 m - 1000 m spacing, displaying a polygonal pattern in the map view. Polygonal faults in the Kribi-Campo basin developed almost in the entire Cenozoic sequence mainly in two sets, one in deep section and one in shallow section whereas the Hoang Sa basin developed the polygonal fault only in the shallow section up to the seafloor corresponding to the Pliocene- Pleistocene sequence. In the Kribi-Campo basin, polygonal faults are developed extensively in the high gradient slope (3.4o) which is relatively rare in the low gradient slope (0.7o). Hoang Sa basin shows the widespread polygonal fault except for the area of canyon occurrence. The occurrence of thick and widespread polygonal fault formations associated with the low amplitude reflections suggests the interpretation of fine-grained sediments, thus possibly great seal potential for the study areas.

Modeling the stability of polygonal patterns of vortices at the poles of Jupiter as revealed by the Juno spacecraft

From its pole-to-pole orbit, the Juno spacecraft discovered arrays of cyclonic vortices in polygonal patterns around the poles of Jupiter. In the north, there are eight vortices around a central vortex, and in the south there are five. The patterns and the individual vortices that define them have been stable since August 2016. The azimuthal velocity profile vs. radius has been measured, but vertical structure is unknown. Here, we ask, what repulsive mechanism prevents the vortices from merging, given that cyclones drift poleward in atmospheres of rotating planets like Earth? What atmospheric properties distinguish Jupiter from Saturn, which has only one cyclone at each pole? We model the vortices using the shallow water equations, which describe a single layer of fluid that moves horizontally and has a free surface that moves up and down in response to fluid convergence and divergence. We find that the stability of the pattern depends mostly on shielding—an anticyclonic ring around each cyclone, but also on the depth. Too little shielding and small depth lead to merging and loss of the polygonal pattern. Too much shielding causes the cyclonic and anticyclonic parts of the vortices to fly apart. The stable polygons exist in between. Why Jupiter’s vortices occupy this middle range is unknown. The budget—how the vortices appear and disappear—is also unknown, since no changes, except for an intruder that visited the south pole briefly, have occurred at either pole since Juno arrived at Jupiter in 2016.

Deep rotating convection generates the polar hexagon on Saturn

Numerous land- and space-based observations have established that Saturn has a persistent hexagonal flow pattern near its north pole. While observations abound, the physics behind its formation is still uncertain. Although several phenomenological models have been able to reproduce this feature, a self-consistent model for how such a large-scale polygonal jet forms in the highly turbulent atmosphere of Saturn is lacking. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) fully nonlinear anelastic simulation of deep thermal convection in the outer layers of gas giant planets that spontaneously generates giant polar cyclones, fierce alternating zonal flows, and a high-latitude eastward jet with a polygonal pattern. The analysis of the simulation suggests that self-organized turbulence in the form of giant vortices pinches the eastward jet, forming polygonal shapes. We argue that a similar mechanism is responsible for exciting Saturn’s hexagonal flow pattern.

Morphological ontogeny of Damaeolus ornatissimus (Acari: Oribatida: Damaeolidae), with comments on Damaeolus Paoli

The morphological ontogeny of Damaeolus ornatissimus Csiszár, 1962 from Romania is described and illustrated. The nymphs of this species are quadrideficient and eupheredermous, i.e. they carry the exuvial scalps of previous instars on the gastronotum. The bothridial seta of juveniles is fusiform, with long apical flagellum, and all prodorsal and gastronotal setae are smooth, and some of them are covered with thick layer of granular cerotegument. The larva has polygonal pattern on the gastronotum, two pairs of setae on paraproctal valves and 12 pairs of gastronotal setae, the nymphs have 12 pairs of latter setae. In all instars, seta d on all genua and tibiae is present.

Magnetometry and ground penetrating radar in application to mapping of polygonal wedge ice of yedoma complex

Paper is dedicated to geophysical mapping of polygonal wedge ice. Magnetometric and ground penetrating radar surveys were implemented on a small area of Yedoma ice complex on Kurungnakh island in Lena river delta. Such deposits are widely spread on a huge areas of Siberia and Alaska. The study was conducted near the thermoerosional gully, which propagates along the most thick ice wedges. Polygonal pattern is observable on high-resolution aerial imagery and digital elevation model - this data was used during the interpreting of obtained results. Study area (40×50 m) was covered with highresolution magnetic survey at the elevation of 2 m with 2×2 m step and with ground penetrating radar survey along profiles with 1 m distance between the profiles. Map of total magnetic field anomalies allow to determine the ice wedges of Yedoma ice complex distinctly. Difference between maximum positive (polygons centers) and negative (ice wedges) anomalies reaches 6 nT (error of the survey is 0,3 nT). Beyond that smaller ice wedges which penetrate the ice wedges of Yedoma complex are also observable in magnetic field. Basing on ground penetrating radar data an amplitude slice of at 3,5 m depth was built. Yedoma ice wedges are observable at depth of 3–4 m. Ground penetrating radar data is quite noisy due to surface inhomogeneity (puddles, knolls, etc.). Results of the surveys were compared in the light of practical application of the methods for above mentioned goal. Magnetometric method appears as more efficient than ground penetrating radar survey: it does not require a contact with the surface and more rapid, it is more sensitive as the case stands. Ground penetrating radar method may have advantages in the case of natural (magnetic storm, high-magnetized overlaying deposits) and anthropogenic (metal constructions — pipelines, ETL) noise.

Surface formation, preservation, and history of low-porosity crusts at the WAIS Divide site, West Antarctica

Observations at the WAIS Divide site show that near-surface snow is strongly altered by weather-related processes such as strong winds and temperature fluctuations, producing features that are recognizable in the deep ice core. Prominent "glazed" surface crusts develop frequently at the site during summer seasons. Surface, snow pit, and ice core observations made in this study during summer field seasons from 2008–09 to 2012–13, supplemented by Automated Weather Station (AWS) data with insolation sensors, revealed that such crusts formed during relatively low-wind, low-humidity, clear-sky periods with intense daytime sunshine. After formation, such glazed surfaces typically developed cracks in a polygonal pattern with few-meter spacing, likely from thermal contraction at night. Cracking was commonest when several clear days occurred in succession, and was generally followed by surface hoar growth; vapor escaping through the cracks during sunny days may have contributed to the high humidity that favored nighttime formation of surface hoar. Temperature and radiation observations showed that daytime solar heating often warmed the near-surface snow above the air temperature, contributing to mass transfer favoring crust formation and then surface hoar formation. Subsequent investigation of the WDC06A deep ice core revealed that crusts are preserved through the bubbly ice, and some occur in snow accumulated during winters, although not as commonly as in summertime deposits. Although no one has been on site to observe crust formation during winter, it may be favored by greater wintertime wind-packing from stronger peak winds, high temperatures and steep temperature gradients from rapid midwinter warmings reaching as high as −15 °C, and perhaps longer intervals of surface stability. Time-variations in crust occurrence in the core may provide paleoclimatic information, although additional studies are required. Discontinuity and cracking of crusts likely explain why crusts do not produce significant anomalies in other paleoclimatic records.

Micromorphological characteristics reflecting soil-forming processes during Albeluvisol development in S Norway .

This paper presents micromorphological observations of the only two Albeluvisol chronosequences to have been reported in the international literature so far. These observations are combined with existing profile morphological and soil chemical data in order to identify the major processes involved in the development of Albeluvisols. The study area is located in the counties Vestfold and Østfold on the western and eastern sides of the Oslofjord, S Norway. The region is characterized by continuous glacio-isostatic uplift over the Holocene, and hence the age of the land surface increases continuously from the beach towards the higher elevations. Twelve soil pits in loamy marine sediments were investigated, six each in Vestfold and Østfold; in addition, three samples of fresh sediments were taken from the shoreline. Results of this study suggest that as soon as the land surface is raised above sea level, drainage of the coarse pores and aeration of the upper part of the young soils leads to five major processes: i) development of deep desiccation cracks, forming a polygonal pattern; ii) compaction, taking place as soon as the land surface reaches an elevation above sea level that leads to drainage of the coarse pores; iii) pyrite oxidation, releasing sulfuric acid; iv) rapid decarbonatization of the originally calcareous sediments through carbonate dissolution by acids from pyrite and iron oxidation; v) precipitation of iron hypocoatings and coatings in the capillary fringe. The next morphological change, also taking place within less than 2.1 ka, is horizon differentiation into Ah, Eg and Btg horizons due to the limited water permeability of the fine-textured sediments. Eg horizons, for example, become lighter in colour with time. The process leading to the next morphological change in the soil profiles is clay illuviation, which is also already present in the 2.1 ka-old soil. Soil pH in the upper part of the E horizon of this soil is already too low for significant clay mobilization. Clay illuviation is still active in all soils studied, but the upper boundary of the clay mobilization zone is at 20-50 cm depth. Progressive clay illuviation is recorded by the increasing thickness of clay coatings and proportion of voids having clay coatings. Clay mobilization and iron co-eluviation in the upper parts of the Eg horizons cease within less than 2.1 ka, whereas weathering and formation of clay minerals and iron oxides continue, leading to formation of a BE horizon in the upper part of the Eg horizon. Albeluvic tongues start to form after 4.6-6.2 ka. They develop preferably along the desiccation cracks. Albeluvic material is washed into the cracks, and enhanced leaching of bases and clay eluviation takes place in the cracks. As both processes proceed, the albeluvic tongues get longer and wider. Clayey intercalations occur in the Stagnic Albeluvisols of the sequence, and the following concept is suggested to explain their genesis: after snow melt or a rainy period infiltrating water arrives at the lower end of an albeluvic tongue, the tongue fills up with water, and perched water also accumulates on top of the dense Btg horizon. Water, carrying suspended clay, penetrates under pressure from the tongue into the Btg horizon, where additional clay is mobilized. The clay settles when the velocity of the water decreases, forming clayey intercalations in the dense matrix of the Btg horizon.

Possible Animal Embryos from the Lower Cambrian (Stage 3) Shuijingtuo Formation, Hubei Province, South China

Fossilized animal embryos from lower Cambrian rocks provide a rare opportunity to study the ontogeny and developmental biology of early animals during the Cambrian explosion. This paper reports possible animal embryos, along with sponge spicules, hyolithelminths, and linguliformean brachiopods, from the upper Shuijingtuo Formation limestone (Cambrian Stage 3) at Changyang, Hubei Province, South China. This limestone unit has carbonate carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions similar to the upper Shuijingtuo limestone in the Yangtze Gorges area. The Shuijingtuo embryo fossils were exposed by physical fracturing, extracted with acetic acid maceration, and observed in thin sections. They were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic elemental mapping, and micro-focus X-ray computed tomography. Most of them are poorly preserved, with a phosphatic envelope (interpreted as a chorion or fertilization envelope) surrounding sparitic calcite. In some specimens, a polygonal pattern is present on the surface, and these are interpreted as multicelled blastula embryos. In others, sets of grooves are present on the surface of a calcitic spheroidal structure, presumably representing the calcitic interior within the chorion; these grooves are superficially similar to annulations of Markuelia embryos, but their biological significance is unknown. Although their phylogenetic and taxonomic placement is largely unconstrained, the Shuijingtuo animal embryos indicate that chorions are taphonomically more robust and are selectively phosphatized. Embryos within the chorions, on the other hand, can be completely lost or entirely replaced by calcite, with only poorly preserved surficial structures. This style of preservation can be explained by a taphonomic switch from early phosphatization to later calcitization. This study illustrates the importance of combining physical fracturing with widely used acid digestion methods in the study of calcitized animal embryos, and it alludes to the possibility that many empty phosphatic vesicles recovered by acid digestion from Cambrian carbonates may be fossilized chorions.

Two new species of Hyalella (Amphipoda, Dogielinotidae) from Brazil

Two new freshwater species of amphipods from Brazil are described here. Hyalella xakriaba n. sp. occurs in the hydrographic basin of the São Francisco River, in a biome characterized by a semiarid climate, in the state of Minas Gerais. This new species constitutes the northernmost record of the genus in Brazil. Hyalella kaingang n. sp. occurs in the hydrographic basin of the Mampituba River, located in Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state in Brazil. Currently 14 species of Hyalella are known in Brazil, cave species among them. Some morphological characters and their respective states are analyzed, and constitute an important new tool for species identifications. In particular, we describe the cuticular structures, defined as denticles, on the distal inner margin of the carpus of gnathopods 1 and 2. These structures may have a polygonal pattern or appear as comb scales, and may be arranged in one or more rows.