Memoirs: The Cytology and Binary Fission of Peranema

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 403-418
Author(s):  
VIRGINIUS E. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Euglena Proxima ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Cellular Components

1. Peranema trichophorum is holozoic in nature and selective in its food, but not predaceous. It feeds usually on dead and encysted Euglena proxima, Euglena gracilis, and rarely upon Chilomonas and Entosiphon. 2. The ‘Staborgan’ or rod-organ is not connected with the reservoir, but it opens into the cytostome which lies ventrally to this vesicle. Therefore the term gullet should not be applied to the neck of the reservoir. 3. The chromosome count of Peranema trichophorum is estimated to be thirty-two in number. 4. The ‘Staborgan’ is thrown out of its position during mitosis and it disintegrates in the cytoplasm. New rod-organs grow out from granules which form at the base of the new daughter cytostomes. These granules may be of mitochondrial origin. 5. A centroblepharoplast is described. No paradesmose is present. 6. A theory is suggested which supposes that an interaction between the centroblepharoplast and the endosome occurs. The centroblepharoplast acts as a kinetic attraction sphere which carries the nucleus anteriorly in order that the blepharoplasts can function as extra-nuclear division centres; thereby a co-ordinated interaction is brought about between both intranuclear kinetic elements and all of its cellular components. Such a reaction or interrelation of parts is necessary to initiate cellular division. 7. The mitochondria of Peranema were found to be spherical; these may grow into large disc-shaped types with clear centres. The latter have a tendency to group themselves round the nucleus and the reservoir. 8. The Golgi apparatus was found to be a network of long fibres. These Golgi bodies seem to be concentrated in the posterior end and round the reservoir. Neither the contractile vacuole nor the reservoir was impregnated by osmic acid methods.

scholarly journals On the nature of "golgi bodies” in fixed material

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 468-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

A great deal has been published in recent years upon cytoplasmic structures appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements, bodies, apparatus and dictyosomes have, perhaps, received most attention. It is unfortunate that these, together with other structures, have been classed as “Cytoplasmic inclusions” (Gatenby, 1917-21, and others). This is a misleading term which obviously does not convey the meaning intended.. The structures or bodies referred to are supposed to arise in the cytoplasm,, or, being credited with the power of multiplication and development, to be handed on in the cytoplasm from one cell generation to another. The Golgi apparatus is described as being “ of very wide distribution among the cells of higher animals, and is known in the Protozoa, • everywhere showing the same general characters ; and there is reason to believe that the same may be true of plant cells, though considerable doubt concerning this still exists.” (Wilson, 1925.) The apparatus or elements may vary from a localised, network to scattered granules, curved rods, plates or ring-like bodies. The Golgi elements are soluble in acetic acid, and hence it has been assumed that they escaped the notice of earlier observers. No acetic acid, a very usual ingredient of fixatives, is used in the treatment of material in which Golgi elements are to be demonstrated. While chondriosomes, in suitably fixed preparations, darken in osmic acid (OsO 4 ), the Golgi apparatus appears intensely black; hence the two are sometimes supposed to be chemically related. It is claimed that chondriosomes may be differentiated from Golgi bodies by washing the preparation that has been treated with osmic acid in turpentine, when the chondriosomes turn brown, the Golgi bodies remaining intensely black. (Gatenby, 1921.) The chondriosomes, after fixation, are not dependent for their demonstration upon reduction of the reagent used (e. g., OsO 4 or A g NO 3 .), but will stain with certain aniline dyes. Hence it seems probable that there is a definite difference between them and the Golgi elements. [It seems likely that many of the structures produced by the OsO 4 process and labelled chondriosomes are not the same as those demonstrated by other methods. ( April 12, 1927.)]

An Ultra-Structural Study of Human Melanoma in Vivo and Vitro

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
James R. Gaylor ◽  
Fredda Schafer ◽  
Robert E. Nordquist
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Protein Aggregation ◽  
Structural Study ◽  
Human Melanoma ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin

Several theories on the origin of the melanosome exist. These include the Golgi origin theory, in which a tyrosinase-rich protein is "packaged" by the Golgi apparatus, thus forming the early form of the melanosome. A second theory postulates a mitochondrial origin of melanosomes. Its author contends that the melanosome is a modified mitochondria which acquires melanin during its development. A third theory states that a pre-melanosome is formed in the smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum. Protein aggregation is suggested by one author as a possible source of the melanosome. This fourth theory postulates that the melanosome originates when the protein products of several genetic loci aggregate in the cytoplasm of the melanocyte. It is this protein matrix on which the melanin is deposited. It was with these theories in mind that this project was undertaken.

scholarly journals The pattern of appearance of enzymic activity during the development of the Golgi apparatus in amoebae

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
C.J. Flickinger
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Cytochemical Staining ◽  
Light Reaction ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Golgi Membranes

The appearance of enzymic activity during the development of the Golgi apparatus was studied by cytochemical staining of renucleated amoebae. In cells enucleated for 4 days, there was a great decline in size and number of Golgi bodies, or dictyosomes. Subsequent renucleation by nuclear transplantation resulted in a regeneration of Golgi bodies. Samples of amoebae were fixed and incubated for cytochemical staining at intervals of 1, 6, or 24 h after renucleation. Enzymes selected for study were guanosine diphosphatase (GDPase), esterase, and thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase). All three were found in the Golgi apparatus of normal amoebae but they differed in their overall intracellular distribution. GDPase was normally present at the convex pole of the Golgi apparatus, in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the nuclear envelope. In amoebae renucleated for 1 h, light reaction product for GDPase was present throughout the small stacks of cisternae that represented the forming Golgi apparatus. By 6 h following the operation GDPase reaction product was concentrated at the convex pole of the Golgi apparatus. Esterase, which was distributed throughout the stacks of normal Golgi cisternae, displayed a similar distribution in the forming Golgi bodies as soon as they were visible. TPPase was normally present in the Golgi apparatus but was not found in the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast to the other enzymes, TPPase reaction product was absent from the forming Golgi apparatus 1 and 6 h after renucleation, and did not appear in the Golgi apparatus until 24 h after operation. Thus, enzymes held in common between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were present in the forming Golgi apparatus as soon as it was detectable, but an enzyme cytochemically localized to the Golgi apparatus only appeared later in development of the organelle. It is suggested that Golgi membranes might be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and thus immediately contain endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, while Golgi-specific enzymes are added later in development.

Memoirs: The Golgi Apparatus in the Thyroid Gland of Amphibians, in its relation to Excretion Polarity

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (304) ◽  
pp. 615-646
Author(s):  
EDUARD UHLENHUTH
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Active State ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Black Rings ◽  
Incomplete Observations ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dark Core ◽  
Topographical Relation

1. The thyroids of the adult Californian newt, Triturus torosus, were examined in Zenker, Champy, and Nassonov preparations, in one series in which these glands were entirely at rest, in another series in which they underwent a spontaneous activation and in a third group in which activation had been forced by intraperitoneal injections of thyroid activator. 2. As in invertebrates so in the newt the Golgi apparatus appears to consist of two components, of one which is deeply blackened, and of another one which stains much darker than the cytoplasm and corresponds to Bowen's idiosomatic substance. The former frequently forms a shell around the latter as a core. The problem has been discussed in the light of the work published recently by Owen and Bensley. 3. Only incomplete observations are available concerning a possible relation between Golgi apparatus and functional phase of the cell. (a) In the resting condition the Golgi apparatus is relatively small and compressed in an apico-basal direction. (b) In preparation for colloid release through the basal cellends, the Golgi apparatus enlarges greatly in an apico-basal direction and its trabeculae become stout. (c) In the cells in which fluid has accumulated in large lacunae and is excreted through the basal cell-ends, the Golgi apparatus begins to become fragmented into long, slender pieces. (d) In the cells in which basal excretion has ceased and the remaining liquid has been condensed into stainable droplets, the fragments are transformed into short, thick, and lumpy pieces. (e) When the colloid droplets are redissolved and transformed into vacuoles for the purpose of refilling the follicles, the Golgi bodies appear as black rings around a dark core. 4. In most instances the topographical relation existing between the Golgi apparatus and the secretion products is not specific. The distribution of the Golgi material represents merely an accurate repetition of the distribution of the cytoplasm. 5. In some instances, however, a close relationship is found between the Golgi apparatus and the secretion products (figs.12-15, 22, 23, PI. 36). 6. In no case does the Golgi apparatus show a reversal of its position from the apex to the base of the cell. In cells which are in an active state of basal excretion the Golgi apparatus may be strictly apical. Its position does not convey a knowledge of the excretion polarity of the cell.

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Memoirs: Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-Cells

1926 ◽  
Vol s2-70 (277) ◽  
pp. 75-112
Author(s):  
ROBERT H. BOWEN
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Submaxillary Gland ◽  
Mucous Cells ◽  
Secretory Cycle ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Marked Tendency

Discussion of the results here reported will be postponed to a later paper, pending the completion of two other studies on the Golgi apparatus in gland-cells. But by way of summary, attention may here be called to the following points which in part furnish a general corroboration of the results of other recent work on the Golgi apparatus in gland-cells, and in other respects extend the work of previous writers in a number of directions. 1. In gland-cells of both serous and mucous types, the Golgi material undergoes a very extensive hypertrophy in the earlier stages of the secretory cycle. 2. There is a marked tendency in cells of the serous type for the Golgi apparatus to be extended throughout the mass of developing granules, while in mucous cells the apparatus tends to maintain a more compact and peripheral location. This is apparently correlated with the fact that in mucous cells the secretory granules are completed very soon after their formation, while in serous cells the whole content of granules seems to progress gradually toward a simultaneous completion. 3. The Golgi apparatus in the salivary gland of an invertebrate (Limax) has been shown to consist of the scattered Golgi bodies characteristic of many invertebrate tissues. 4. The topographical and structural differences in the Golgi apparatus of different types of gland-cells have made possible the demonstration that: (a) The demilune cells of the submaxillary gland are distinct from the predominant mucous cells, and indeed are probably of a serous nature. (b) The cells of the pulmonate salivary gland are of two types, mucous and serous, between which, at least in their active stages, no interchangeable relations exist. 5. In all the types of gland-cells examined, a very close topographical relation was found between the Golgi material and the developing secretory granules.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OFUSTILAGO HORDEI(PERS.) LAGERH. III. MEMBRANE COMPLEXES ASSOCIATED WITH MEIOTIC NUCLEI

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Robb
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Meiotic Prophase ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Smut Fungus ◽  
Prophase I ◽  
Meiotic Prophase I ◽  
Ustilago Hordei

In the smut fungus, Ustilago hordei, membrane complexes are formed in the vicinity of the nucleus during meiotic prophase I. These complexes are similar to those associated with septum initiation. The hypothesis is presented that the complexes are part of a system governing the positional regulation of cell and nuclear division in the metabasidium. A review is presented of the literature pertaining to fungal membrane complexes; their relationship to the bacterial mesosome and the Golgi apparatus of higher organisms is discussed.

FUSION AND DIVISION OF NUCLEI IN MULTINUCLEATED SOYBEAN PROTOPLASTS

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Miller ◽  
O. L. Gamborg ◽  
W. A. Keller ◽  
K. N. Kao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protoplast Fusion ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Complete Synchronization ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Nuclear Behaviour ◽  
Soybean Cell

Protoplasts were produced from a soybean cell culture by enzymatic removal of the cell wall. The protoplasts were fixed after various periods of culture. There was a large amount of protoplast fusion during formation. The nuclear behaviour during division was observed. Nuclear fusion prior to nuclear division was common. Almost complete synchronization of multinucleates was found. Various abnormalities were present in nuclear and cellular division which could have led to aneuploid production.

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