scholarly journals On the nature of "golgi bodies” in fixed material

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 468-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

A great deal has been published in recent years upon cytoplasmic structures appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements, bodies, apparatus and dictyosomes have, perhaps, received most attention. It is unfortunate that these, together with other structures, have been classed as “Cytoplasmic inclusions” (Gatenby, 1917-21, and others). This is a misleading term which obviously does not convey the meaning intended.. The structures or bodies referred to are supposed to arise in the cytoplasm,, or, being credited with the power of multiplication and development, to be handed on in the cytoplasm from one cell generation to another. The Golgi apparatus is described as being “ of very wide distribution among the cells of higher animals, and is known in the Protozoa, • everywhere showing the same general characters ; and there is reason to believe that the same may be true of plant cells, though considerable doubt concerning this still exists.” (Wilson, 1925.) The apparatus or elements may vary from a localised, network to scattered granules, curved rods, plates or ring-like bodies. The Golgi elements are soluble in acetic acid, and hence it has been assumed that they escaped the notice of earlier observers. No acetic acid, a very usual ingredient of fixatives, is used in the treatment of material in which Golgi elements are to be demonstrated. While chondriosomes, in suitably fixed preparations, darken in osmic acid (OsO 4 ), the Golgi apparatus appears intensely black; hence the two are sometimes supposed to be chemically related. It is claimed that chondriosomes may be differentiated from Golgi bodies by washing the preparation that has been treated with osmic acid in turpentine, when the chondriosomes turn brown, the Golgi bodies remaining intensely black. (Gatenby, 1921.) The chondriosomes, after fixation, are not dependent for their demonstration upon reduction of the reagent used (e. g., OsO 4 or A g NO 3 .), but will stain with certain aniline dyes. Hence it seems probable that there is a definite difference between them and the Golgi elements. [It seems likely that many of the structures produced by the OsO 4 process and labelled chondriosomes are not the same as those demonstrated by other methods. ( April 12, 1927.)]

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

The Effect of Acetic Acid on Cytoplasmic Inclusions

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (44) ◽  
pp. 425-429
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Acetic acid at 5% is not necessarily destructive of cytoplasmic inclusions. Hermann's fluid gives excellent mitochondrial preparations if tissues are postosmicated for several days at 34° C. The mitochondria are blackened by this treatment. Mann's fluid with the addition of 5% of acetic acid gives, on postosmication, very good preparations of the ‘Golgi apparatus’ of certain cells.

Memoirs: The Cytology and Binary Fission of Peranema

1930 ◽  
Vol s2-73 (291) ◽  
pp. 403-418
Author(s):  
VIRGINIUS E. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Euglena Gracilis ◽  
Nuclear Division ◽  
Chromosome Count ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Euglena Proxima ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin ◽  
Cellular Components

1. Peranema trichophorum is holozoic in nature and selective in its food, but not predaceous. It feeds usually on dead and encysted Euglena proxima, Euglena gracilis, and rarely upon Chilomonas and Entosiphon. 2. The ‘Staborgan’ or rod-organ is not connected with the reservoir, but it opens into the cytostome which lies ventrally to this vesicle. Therefore the term gullet should not be applied to the neck of the reservoir. 3. The chromosome count of Peranema trichophorum is estimated to be thirty-two in number. 4. The ‘Staborgan’ is thrown out of its position during mitosis and it disintegrates in the cytoplasm. New rod-organs grow out from granules which form at the base of the new daughter cytostomes. These granules may be of mitochondrial origin. 5. A centroblepharoplast is described. No paradesmose is present. 6. A theory is suggested which supposes that an interaction between the centroblepharoplast and the endosome occurs. The centroblepharoplast acts as a kinetic attraction sphere which carries the nucleus anteriorly in order that the blepharoplasts can function as extra-nuclear division centres; thereby a co-ordinated interaction is brought about between both intranuclear kinetic elements and all of its cellular components. Such a reaction or interrelation of parts is necessary to initiate cellular division. 7. The mitochondria of Peranema were found to be spherical; these may grow into large disc-shaped types with clear centres. The latter have a tendency to group themselves round the nucleus and the reservoir. 8. The Golgi apparatus was found to be a network of long fibres. These Golgi bodies seem to be concentrated in the posterior end and round the reservoir. Neither the contractile vacuole nor the reservoir was impregnated by osmic acid methods.

On the Structure, Division, and Systematic Position of Trichomonas vaginalis Donné, with a Note on its Methods of Feeding

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
R. S. HAWES
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Nuclear Organization ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Posterior Flagellum ◽  
Feeding Methods ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures ◽  
Structure Division

1. Trichomonas vaginalis has been cultivated on various media and a simple method of maintaining cultures on Boeck and Drbohlav's egg-Ringer-albumen medium is described. 2. The feeding methods of the flagellates in culture have been studied and some evidence of extracellular digestion is recorded. 3. When cultivated on media deficient in carbohydrate, T. vaginalis is reduced to the dimensions of T. hominis, but when adequately fed it maintains its distinctively larger size. Out of forty-eight strains of T. vaginalis, only two developed in culture the long undulating membrane and free posterior flagellum typical of T. hominis in nature. 4. The structure of T. vaginalis has been reinvestigated. (i) It differs constantly and significantly from the intestinal trichomonads of man in size, nuclear organization, and the form of the axostyle and basal fibre, (ii) It also differs from T. hominis in the characters of its parabasal apparatus and cytoplasmic inclusions, and, in nature, in the length of its undulating membrane and in lacking a free posterior flagellum, but for reasons discussed in the text these points are at present considered less reliable in diagnosis than those given under 4 (i). 5. It is concluded that T. vaginalis is a species distinct from all other human trichomonads. 6. The method of division has been described. In general, it follows the same course as T. hominis, but separation of the old, and growth of the new, cytoplasmic structures occurs somewhat later in T. vaginalis, and the old axostyle is retained throughout division. There are five chromosomes, formed during prophase from aggregations of extra-karyosomatic granules.

The Cytology and Histochemistry of the Neurones of Periplaneta americana

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (59) ◽  
pp. 399-405
Author(s):  
DOREEN E. ASHHURST
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies

The only cytoplasmic inclusions visible in the neurones by the light microscope are the lipochondria and mitochondria. It is suggested that the Golgi bodies, seen in preparations made by the Golgi techniques, are produced by the deposition of osmium or silver on the surface of the lipochondria. The lipochondria consist of phospholipids and cerebrosides. There is also some lipid in the cytoplasm, together with carbohydrates, proteins, and RNA.

scholarly journals The pattern of appearance of enzymic activity during the development of the Golgi apparatus in amoebae

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
C.J. Flickinger
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
Nuclear Transplantation ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Cytochemical Staining ◽  
Light Reaction ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Golgi Membranes

The appearance of enzymic activity during the development of the Golgi apparatus was studied by cytochemical staining of renucleated amoebae. In cells enucleated for 4 days, there was a great decline in size and number of Golgi bodies, or dictyosomes. Subsequent renucleation by nuclear transplantation resulted in a regeneration of Golgi bodies. Samples of amoebae were fixed and incubated for cytochemical staining at intervals of 1, 6, or 24 h after renucleation. Enzymes selected for study were guanosine diphosphatase (GDPase), esterase, and thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase). All three were found in the Golgi apparatus of normal amoebae but they differed in their overall intracellular distribution. GDPase was normally present at the convex pole of the Golgi apparatus, in rough endoplasmic reticulum, and in the nuclear envelope. In amoebae renucleated for 1 h, light reaction product for GDPase was present throughout the small stacks of cisternae that represented the forming Golgi apparatus. By 6 h following the operation GDPase reaction product was concentrated at the convex pole of the Golgi apparatus. Esterase, which was distributed throughout the stacks of normal Golgi cisternae, displayed a similar distribution in the forming Golgi bodies as soon as they were visible. TPPase was normally present in the Golgi apparatus but was not found in the endoplasmic reticulum. In contrast to the other enzymes, TPPase reaction product was absent from the forming Golgi apparatus 1 and 6 h after renucleation, and did not appear in the Golgi apparatus until 24 h after operation. Thus, enzymes held in common between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were present in the forming Golgi apparatus as soon as it was detectable, but an enzyme cytochemically localized to the Golgi apparatus only appeared later in development of the organelle. It is suggested that Golgi membranes might be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and thus immediately contain endoplasmic reticulum enzymes, while Golgi-specific enzymes are added later in development.

scholarly journals CHONDROGENESIS, STUDIED WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel C. Godman ◽  
Keith R. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ground Substance ◽  
Cell Cortex ◽  
Matrix Space ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Fetal Rat ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Connective Tissue Matrix ◽  
Tissue Matrix

The role of the cells in the fabrication of a connective tissue matrix, and the structural modifications which accompany cytodifferentiation have been investigated in developing epiphyseal cartilage of fetal rat by means of electron microscopy. Differentiation of the prechondral mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts is marked by the acquisition of an extensive endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement and concentration of the Golgi apparatus, the appearance of membrane-bounded cytoplasmic inclusions, and the formation of specialized foci of increased density in the cell cortex. These modifications are related to the secretion of the cartilage matrix. The matrix of young hyaline cartilage consists of groups of relatively short, straight, banded collagen fibrils of 10 to 20 mµ and a dense granular component embedded in an amorphous ground substance of moderate electron density. It is postulated that the first phase of fibrillogenesis takes place at the cell cortex in dense bands or striae within the ectoplasm subjacent to the cell membrane. These can be resolved into sheaves of "primary" fibrils of about 7 to 10 mµ. They are supposedly shed (by excortication) into the matrix space between the separating chondroblasts, where they may serve as "cores" of the definitive matrix fibrils. The diameter of the fibrils may subsequently increase up to threefold, presumably by incorporation of "soluble" or tropocollagen units from the ground substance. The chondroblast also discharges into the matrix the electrondense amorphous or granular contents of vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, and the mixed contents of large vacuoles or blebs bounded by distinctive double membranes. Small vesicles with amorphous homogeneous contents of moderate density are expelled in toto from the chondroblasts. In their subsequent evolution to chondrocytes, both nucleus and cytoplasm of the chondroblasts undergo striking condensation. Those moving toward the osteogenic plate accumulate increasingly large stores of glycogen. In the chondrocyte, the enlarged fused Golgi vesicles with dense contents, massed in the juxtanuclear zone, are the most prominent feature of the cytoplasm. Many of these make their way to the surface to discharge their contents. The hypertrophied chondrocytes of the epiphyseal plate ultimately yield up their entire contents to the matrix.

Memoirs: The Golgi Apparatus in the Thyroid Gland of Amphibians, in its relation to Excretion Polarity

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (304) ◽  
pp. 615-646
Author(s):  
EDUARD UHLENHUTH
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Active State ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Black Rings ◽  
Incomplete Observations ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Dark Core ◽  
Topographical Relation

1. The thyroids of the adult Californian newt, Triturus torosus, were examined in Zenker, Champy, and Nassonov preparations, in one series in which these glands were entirely at rest, in another series in which they underwent a spontaneous activation and in a third group in which activation had been forced by intraperitoneal injections of thyroid activator. 2. As in invertebrates so in the newt the Golgi apparatus appears to consist of two components, of one which is deeply blackened, and of another one which stains much darker than the cytoplasm and corresponds to Bowen's idiosomatic substance. The former frequently forms a shell around the latter as a core. The problem has been discussed in the light of the work published recently by Owen and Bensley. 3. Only incomplete observations are available concerning a possible relation between Golgi apparatus and functional phase of the cell. (a) In the resting condition the Golgi apparatus is relatively small and compressed in an apico-basal direction. (b) In preparation for colloid release through the basal cellends, the Golgi apparatus enlarges greatly in an apico-basal direction and its trabeculae become stout. (c) In the cells in which fluid has accumulated in large lacunae and is excreted through the basal cell-ends, the Golgi apparatus begins to become fragmented into long, slender pieces. (d) In the cells in which basal excretion has ceased and the remaining liquid has been condensed into stainable droplets, the fragments are transformed into short, thick, and lumpy pieces. (e) When the colloid droplets are redissolved and transformed into vacuoles for the purpose of refilling the follicles, the Golgi bodies appear as black rings around a dark core. 4. In most instances the topographical relation existing between the Golgi apparatus and the secretion products is not specific. The distribution of the Golgi material represents merely an accurate repetition of the distribution of the cytoplasm. 5. In some instances, however, a close relationship is found between the Golgi apparatus and the secretion products (figs.12-15, 22, 23, PI. 36). 6. In no case does the Golgi apparatus show a reversal of its position from the apex to the base of the cell. In cells which are in an active state of basal excretion the Golgi apparatus may be strictly apical. Its position does not convey a knowledge of the excretion polarity of the cell.

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