A Study of the Spheroid System of Sympathetic Neurones with Special Reference to the Problem of Neurosecretion

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (7) ◽  
pp. 333-350
Author(s):  
OWEN LEWIS THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Dispersed System ◽  
Sympathetic Neurones

1. Evidence is put forward in support of the view that the Golgi complement of the vertebrate sympathetic neurone consists of a dispersed system of spherical bodies. These bodies can be studied in living cells and with vital dyes and each consists of a neutral red staining core (the vacuome of Parat) enveloped in a lipoidal sheath. 2. The classical Golgi body is shown to be an artifact produced within the cell. With the osmium techniques the spheroid bodies together with the mitochondria form a framework which serves as a centre for a non-specific deposition of metallic particles. 3. The Golgi spheroids exhibit a secretion cycle with the formation of a granular product. The granules are identified with the ‘neurosecretion’ granules of Scharrer. 4. These granules appear to be transported to the nucleus of the cell and there to be absorbed. This observed interrelationship between nucleus and Golgi product is discussed.

Memoirs: The Oogenesis of Lumbricus: a Restatement

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 235-256
Author(s):  
L. A. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Concave Side ◽  
Brownian Movement ◽  
Golgi Bodies

My former results (1925) have been revised, and the following are now recorded: The mitochondria are filamentous and granular. They are present in the oogonia as a cap over one pole of the nucleus. This cap enlarges as the oocyte grows, and finally breaks up and spreads as loose clouds over the entire cytoplasm. Under darkground illumination the mitochondria appear as areas showing a milky scintillation, owing to Brownian movement. The Golgi bodies are in the form of curved rodlets tapering towards each end and having a patch of sphere material on the concave side. The rodlet only is visible in living cells. Darkground illumination fails to differentiate the Golgi elements from the ground cytoplasm. It is uncertain whether they are derived from one only or more than one Golgi body in the oogonium. Droplets containing weak fat are present in all older oocytes, and in some ovaries in the younger cells, even being present in oogonia. They arise de novo in the cytoplasm. The vacuome in this material is a function of the cell's reactions to neutral red, and is not present in the unstained egg. It arises in close relation to the Golgi apparatus, but in later phases of staining wanders away from it. Nath's observations on earthworm eggs, and his theory of the vacuolar nature of the Golgi body, are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM SALTS ON CELL REACTION

1922 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Reaction ◽  
Artificial Cell ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. It may be shown by means of cells of the flowers of a hybrid Rhododendron which contain a natural indicator, by means of starfish eggs stained with neutral red, and by means of an "artificial cell" in which living frog's skin is employed that increased intracellular alkalinity may be brought about by solutions of a decidedly acid reaction which contain ammonium salts. 2. These results are analogous to those previously obtained with the CO2-bicarbonate system, and depend on the facts: (a) that NH4OH is sufficiently weak as a base to permit a certain degree of hydrolysis of its salts; and (b) that living cells are freely permeable to NH4OH (or NH3?) and not to mineral and many organic acids, and presumably not at least to the same extent to ammonium salts as such.

The Effects of Single Doses of Pilocarpine and of Histamine upon the Granules of Oxyntic Cells of Rats, with Special Reference to their Phospholipine Content

1952 ◽  
Vol s3-93 (21) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
GORDON MENZIES
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Exact Nature ◽  
Gastric Glands ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscope ◽  
Contrast Microscope

1. New data are presented on the morphology and cytochemistry of the granules of the oxyntic cells of the rat's stomach in continuation of work previously reported (Menzies, 1949). The effects of single injections of pilocarpine and of histamine on the granules were investigated, with particular reference to their phospholipine content as shown by Baker's acid haematein method. 2. Pilocarpine causes a marked enlargement of the granules with loss of phospholipine from the central part of many of the larger granules, and complete loss of phospholipine from others. The granules that have lost their phospholipine probably still contain lipoid as shown by sudan black. Pilocarpine also causes marked aggregation of the granules. 3. Histamine causes a less marked increase in granule size and no observable loss of phospholipine, but some of the granules became elongated, an effect that can be seen with the phase-contrast microscope, and there is a tendency for them to recede to the peripheral parts of the cells associated with an enlargement of the intracellular canals. 4. Both pilocarpine and histamine result in some enlargement of the oxyntic cells, the effect being more marked with pilocarpine. 5. Neither pilocarpine nor histamine alters the size or shape of the non-lipoid moiety of the granules. 6. Supravital colouring with neutral red shows a few droplets in oxyntic cells in the bases of the gastric glands. These enlarge slightly after histamine and greatly after pilocarpine, and they are always spherical. It has not yet been possible to decide as to their exact nature.

Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Gastropods

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Complete Ring ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Lipid Component

The neurones of the sub-oesophageal ganglionic mass of the Simla slug, Anadenus altivagus, and the Bharwain snail, Euaustenia cassida, have been investigated by phasecontrast microscopy of the living cells and in fixed preparations. The mitochondria are seen as granules and filaments in both living and fixed material. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in the fixed preparations. The lipid spheroids (corresponding to the ‘binary spheroids’ of Thomas and the ‘lipochondria’ of Roque) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure, consisting of a cortical, chromophil, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Anadenus) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Anadenus and Euaustenia), and a chromophobe medulla (neutral red vacuome of Parat), in which lipochrome develops to form the ‘mulberry spheroids’ of Thomas. The small homogeneous lipid spheroids also contribute to the formation of ‘mulberry spheroids’.

A simple technique for the preservation of vital dyes in fixed and sectioned embryos

Development ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
J. Pertusa
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Ethyl Alcohol ◽  
Toluidine Blue ◽  
Trypan Blue ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Nile Blue ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
Vital Dyes

In embryological work using vital dyes it is highly desirable to be able to study the distribution of the dyes in fixed material, whether examined in toto or after embedding in paraffin and serial sectioning. However, both fixation and dehydration present problems for the preservation of colour in vitally stained cells. Some fixatives preserve some dyes but, so far as I am aware, none will preserve all the vital dyes in common use. On the other hand, ethyl alcohol destroys or dissolves all vital dyes and its use in dehydration is thus undesirable. Among the fixatives that have been proposed are those of Golowin (1902), Mitamura (1923), Parat & Painlevé (1925), and Tchéou Tai Chuin (1930) for neutral red; that of Izquierdo (1955) for toluidine blue; that of Gérard (1925) for Trypan blue; that of Turchini (1919) for methylene blue; that of Lehmann (1929) for Nile blue.

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