Memoirs: The Oogenesis of Lumbricus: a Restatement

1931 ◽  
Vol s2-74 (294) ◽  
pp. 235-256
Author(s):  
L. A. HARVEY
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Concave Side ◽  
Brownian Movement ◽  
Golgi Bodies

My former results (1925) have been revised, and the following are now recorded: The mitochondria are filamentous and granular. They are present in the oogonia as a cap over one pole of the nucleus. This cap enlarges as the oocyte grows, and finally breaks up and spreads as loose clouds over the entire cytoplasm. Under darkground illumination the mitochondria appear as areas showing a milky scintillation, owing to Brownian movement. The Golgi bodies are in the form of curved rodlets tapering towards each end and having a patch of sphere material on the concave side. The rodlet only is visible in living cells. Darkground illumination fails to differentiate the Golgi elements from the ground cytoplasm. It is uncertain whether they are derived from one only or more than one Golgi body in the oogonium. Droplets containing weak fat are present in all older oocytes, and in some ovaries in the younger cells, even being present in oogonia. They arise de novo in the cytoplasm. The vacuome in this material is a function of the cell's reactions to neutral red, and is not present in the unstained egg. It arises in close relation to the Golgi apparatus, but in later phases of staining wanders away from it. Nath's observations on earthworm eggs, and his theory of the vacuolar nature of the Golgi body, are discussed in detail.

A Study of the Spheroid System of Sympathetic Neurones with Special Reference to the Problem of Neurosecretion

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (7) ◽  
pp. 333-350
Author(s):  
OWEN LEWIS THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Dispersed System ◽  
Sympathetic Neurones

1. Evidence is put forward in support of the view that the Golgi complement of the vertebrate sympathetic neurone consists of a dispersed system of spherical bodies. These bodies can be studied in living cells and with vital dyes and each consists of a neutral red staining core (the vacuome of Parat) enveloped in a lipoidal sheath. 2. The classical Golgi body is shown to be an artifact produced within the cell. With the osmium techniques the spheroid bodies together with the mitochondria form a framework which serves as a centre for a non-specific deposition of metallic particles. 3. The Golgi spheroids exhibit a secretion cycle with the formation of a granular product. The granules are identified with the ‘neurosecretion’ granules of Scharrer. 4. These granules appear to be transported to the nucleus of the cell and there to be absorbed. This observed interrelationship between nucleus and Golgi product is discussed.

scholarly journals Observations on the Golgi bodies in the living cell

1925 ◽  
Vol 97 (684) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cent Solution ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Janus Green ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Rapid Treatment

The existence of the Golgi apparatus in the living cell has long been doubted, owing apparently to the failure of many cytologists to observe it. In a recent paper two of the authors (1) claimed to have observed it in the living, unstained spermatocytes and young oocytes of Helix aspera . In the present communication it is hoped to demonstrate, beyond doubt, the visibility of the Golgi apparatus intra vitam . E. V. Cowdry, in his article in the “General Cytology” (2), states that it has not “been possible to stain it specifically with vital dyes, although many have been tried.” Further, although mentioning that Gatenby claims to have observed it in living cells of invertebrates, he makes no attempt to verify the observation. This is the more remarkable as the apparatus can easily be observed in the living unstained spermatocytes of Helix, and can be stained either with Janus green or by the same method followed by rapid treatment with iodine vapour according to the Lewis method. It can also be observed in fresh spermatocytes of Helix treated for a few seconds with osmic vapour from 2 per cent. solution. Its demonstration in fresh cells is thus on a par with that of the mitochondria. We find it difficult to understand how other observers have failed to distinguish it in the living cell. In the communication referred to (1) the authors have attempted to show that the Golgi apparatus of vertebrate and invertebrate material is strictly comparable. In the present paper we do not propose to resume this discussion, but will restrict ourselves to summarizing the reasons for our views. The evidence for the view that the two sets of structures are truly homologous falls into the following groups :—

Memoirs: Variations in the Form of the Golgi Bodies during the Development of Neurones

1925 ◽  
Vol s2-69 (275) ◽  
pp. 509-517
Author(s):  
A. SUBBA RAU ◽  
R. J. LUDFORD
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
High Degree

1. In the spinal ganglia of the chick of four days the Golgi apparatus or body is in the form of a cluster of granules or rodlets, grouped around the centrosphere, at one side of the nucleus (fig. 1, Pl. 39). 2. In a seven-day chick the Golgi body has increased in size and has begun to spread farther around the nucleus (fig. 3, Pl. 39). 3. All ganglion cells examined, both those of the spinal cord and of ganglia, have the Golgi apparatus in this compacted form during their early stage. 4. At a certain period which varies in the different cells the apparatus spreads out in the cytoplasm (fig. 4, Pl. 39), so that in the adult ganglia the apparatus is more or less scattered throughout the cell (figs. 5, 6, and 7, Pl. 39). 5. It is uncertain to what extent variations in the form of the apparatus, whether reticulate or in the form of individual rodlets, are due to differences in the degree of impregnation with the silver. The plane of the section is also an important factor in determining the appearance presented by the apparatus. 6. The medullary cells of the suprarenal body, which are derived from the central nervous system, have the apparatus in the form of a coiled network or cluster of granules at one pole of the nucleus, similar to the cells of the spinal ganglia at the early stage of development. 7. It is suggested that the scattered form of the Golgi apparatus in adult ganglion cells is an expression of the high degree of metabolism existing in these cells.

scholarly journals Stacks off tracks: A role for the golgin AtCASP in plant endoplasmic reticulum – Golgi apparatus tethering

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Osterrieder ◽  
Stan W Botchway ◽  
Andy Ward ◽  
Tijs Ketelaar ◽  
Norbert de Ruijter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Coiled Coil ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Dual Colour

AbstractThe plant Golgi apparatus modifies and sorts incoming proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and synthesises cell wall matrix material. Plant cells possess numerous motile Golgi bodies, which are connected to the ER by yet to be identified tethering factors. Previous studies indicated a role of cis-Golgi plant golgins (long coiled-coil domains proteins anchored to Golgi membranes) in Golgi biogenesis. Here we show a tethering role for the golgin AtCASP at the ER-Golgi interface. Using live-cell imaging, Golgi body dynamics were compared in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal cells expressing fluorescently tagged AtCASP, a truncated AtCASP-ΔCC lacking the coiled-coil domains, and the Golgi marker STtmd. Golgi body speed and displacement were significantly reduced in AtCASP-ΔCC lines. Using a dual-colour optical trapping system and a TIRF-tweezer system, individual Golgi bodies were captured in planta. Golgi bodies in AtCASP-ΔCC lines were easier to trap, and the ER-Golgi connection was more easily disrupted. Occasionally, the ER tubule followed a trapped Golgi body with a gap, indicating the presence of other tethering factors. Our work confirms that the intimate ER-Golgi association can be disrupted or weakened by expression of truncated AtCASP-ΔCC, and suggests that this connection is most likely maintained by a golgin-mediated tethering complex.HighlightHere we show that the Golgi-associated Arabidopsis thaliana protein AtCASP may form part of a golgin-mediated tethering complex involved in anchoring plant Golgi stacks to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

scholarly journals Study of Golgi apparatus and vacuolar system of cavia, helix, and abraxas, by intra-vital methods

1929 ◽  
Vol 104 (731) ◽  
pp. 302-321 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Animal Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Vacuolar System ◽  
Camillo Golgi

Up to a few years ago, cytologists in general had accepted the view that the animal cell consisted of a nucleus and a cytoplasm containing granulations of two-types, Golgi bodies which had the power of forming vesicles, and mito-chondria or chondriosomes. Most people have been reluctant to admit the presence of a third cytoplasmic constituent, apart from the centrosome. Recently Parat and his school of workers have claimed that the cell has a system of vacuoles, containing a substance stainable especially in neutral-red, and that this system is the homologue of the Golgi apparatus of nerve cells, first demonstrated by Camillo Golgi.

Memoirs: Improved Technique for Non-aseptic Tissue Culture of Helix aspersa, with Notes on Nolluscan Cytology

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (303) ◽  
pp. 331-352
Author(s):  
J. BRONTË GATENBY ◽  
JOYCE C. HILL
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Main Type ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Mantle Cavity ◽  
Mitotic Figure ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Pulmonary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Improved Technique

1. By keeping pieces of mantle cavity wall in Hédon Fleig saline it is possible to make cultures which grow out for about five days. After that time the bacteria have increased so enormously that growth is checked, though the cultures will live for several weeks longer in a suspended condition. 2. The main type of cell which grows out is an amoeboid element, identical, it is believed, with the general connective elements of the normal tissue of the snail. 3. Neutral red stains, is segregated, or is deposited in thevarious categories of cells, in various ways. For example, in spermatocytes it appears almost always inside the Golgi apparatus, thus forming with the dictyosomes a ‘zône de Golgi’ of Parat. In the pulmonary epithelial cells the neutral red at once stains the pre-formed granules which are visible in unstained living cells. These granules are not directly related to the Golgi bodies. In amoebocytes the neutral red appears principally as large segregated globules, anywhere in the cytoplasm. Finally, into the mantle epithelial cells it is difficult to get neutral red, when other cells are already well stained. 4. The only homologous bodies in the cytoplasm of these various categories of cells are the Golgi bodies and mitochondria. 5. In no case has a mitotic figure been found in any Helix culture. Cells suggesting division by amitosis are commonest when the cultures are growing out fastest.

scholarly journals Further Remarks on the Golgi Element

1949 ◽  
Vol s3-90 (11) ◽  
pp. 293-307
Author(s):  
JOHN R. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Golgi Region ◽  
Golgi Element ◽  
Structural Plan ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Secretion Product ◽  
Element Set

1. The Golgi element has been reinvestigated in the same kinds of cells as were the subject of the author's 1944 paper. 2. Two new methods have been used, namely, phase-contrast microscopy and an improved form of the sudan black technique, in which the tissues are postchromed at 60° C. 3. The Golgi element consists of separate bodies, spheroid in shape. These Golgi bodies may be simple (i.e. non-vacuolate), or may contain one or more vacuoles. The material of the simple Golgi body and of the externum of the vacuolate body is a lipoid that in some cases can be shown to contain lipine. The secretion-product of the Golgi body originates in the vacuole. 4. The opinion as to the structural plan of the Golgi element set out in the earlier paper has been confirmed in the main. There are, however, two exceptions to this: (a) The vacuole in the Golgi body does not invariably colour with neutral red, and this dye occasionally causes the appearance of vacuoles not present before, both within the Golgi region and in other parts of the cytoplasm. (b) ‘Diffuse lipoid’ is not a characteristic feature of the Golgi element.

De Novo-Designed Landmine Warfare Strategy Luminophore for Super-resolution Imaging Reveal ONOO- evolution in Living Cells

2021 ◽  
pp. 130151
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Liu ◽  
Chengying Zhang ◽  
Yongchun Wei ◽  
Huimin Chen ◽  
Lingxiu Kong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Resolution Imaging

scholarly journals ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE DICTYOSOMES AND ACROBLASTS IN THE MALE GERM CELLS OF THE CRICKET

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Beams ◽  
T. N. Tahmisian ◽  
R. L. Devine ◽  
Everett Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Male Germ Cells ◽  
Secondary Spermatocyte ◽  
A Chain

The dictyosome (Golgi body) in the secondary spermatocyte of the cricket appears in electron micrographs as a duplex structure composed of (a) a group of parallel double-membraned lamellae and (b) a group of associated vacuoles arranged along the compact lamellae in a chain-like fashion. This arrangement of ultramicroscopic structure for the dictyosomes is strikingly comparable to that described for the Golgi apparatus of vertebrates. Accordingly, the two are considered homologous structures. Associated with the duplex structure of the dictyosomes is a differentiated region composed of small vacuoles. This is thought to represent the pro-acrosome region described in light microscope preparations. In the spermatid the dictyosomes fuse, giving rise to the acroblast. Like the dictyosomes, the acroblasts are made up of double-membraned lamellae and associated vacuoles. In addition, a differentiated acrosome region is present which, in some preparations, may display the acrosome vacuole and granule. Both the dictyosomes and acroblasts are distinct from mitochondria.

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