Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Gastropods

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Complete Ring ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Lipid Component

The neurones of the sub-oesophageal ganglionic mass of the Simla slug, Anadenus altivagus, and the Bharwain snail, Euaustenia cassida, have been investigated by phasecontrast microscopy of the living cells and in fixed preparations. The mitochondria are seen as granules and filaments in both living and fixed material. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in the fixed preparations. The lipid spheroids (corresponding to the ‘binary spheroids’ of Thomas and the ‘lipochondria’ of Roque) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure, consisting of a cortical, chromophil, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Anadenus) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Anadenus and Euaustenia), and a chromophobe medulla (neutral red vacuome of Parat), in which lipochrome develops to form the ‘mulberry spheroids’ of Thomas. The small homogeneous lipid spheroids also contribute to the formation of ‘mulberry spheroids’.

Memoirs: The Effect of Ultra-Centrifuging Vertebrate Neurones

1936 ◽  
Vol s2-79 (313) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
R. H. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Diffuse Form ◽  
Similar Density ◽  
Nissl Substance

1. The Golgi apparatus may appear as a network or incomplete reticulum; it is lighter than the other cytoplasmic inclusions but its form makes its displacement difficult. Its parts never approach the periphery of the cell. The neutral-red bodies have no part in its composition. 2. There exists a separate canalicular system which is connected with the surface of the cell, and otherwise is of similar dimensions to the Golgi apparatus. It is thought to represent the trophospongium of Holmgren. It is unaffected by the centrifuge. 3. The vacuome appears in the form of isolated granules which can be osmicated after staining in neutral red. They are lighter than the cytoplasm and are separate from the Golgi apparatus, though on account of their similar density they are thought to have some spatial connexion with it. 4. The mitochondria are in the form of rods and granules which are very slightly denser than the cytoplasm, and show no evidence of having any connexion with the Golgi apparatus. 5. The Nissl substance occurs as large irregular bodies in the fixed material. It is thought to be in a diffuse form in the living cell. It is much denser than the cytoplasm.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Certain Insects

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Homogeneous Structure ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Basic Dyes ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the thoracic neurones of fifth instar and immature adults of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., and of adults of the water-bug, Laccotrepkes rubra Fabr., has been made by employing the latest cytological techniques and phasecontrast microscopy. The mitochondria are seen as granules stainable in life with Janus green. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in fixed preparations. The Golgi bodies (lipochondria of Shafiq) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil spheroids. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure. There is a chromophil, cortical, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Schistocerca) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Laccotrephes), and a chromophobe medulla stainable with the basic dyes, neutral red and methylene blue. The smaller Golgi bodies in Schistocerca show a homogeneous structure. The Golgi bodies have not been observed to be engaged in any secretory activity. Neurofibrillae have been observed in the neurones of the insects studied.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM SALTS ON CELL REACTION

1922 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Cell Reaction ◽  
Artificial Cell ◽  
Acid Reaction ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. It may be shown by means of cells of the flowers of a hybrid Rhododendron which contain a natural indicator, by means of starfish eggs stained with neutral red, and by means of an "artificial cell" in which living frog's skin is employed that increased intracellular alkalinity may be brought about by solutions of a decidedly acid reaction which contain ammonium salts. 2. These results are analogous to those previously obtained with the CO2-bicarbonate system, and depend on the facts: (a) that NH4OH is sufficiently weak as a base to permit a certain degree of hydrolysis of its salts; and (b) that living cells are freely permeable to NH4OH (or NH3?) and not to mineral and many organic acids, and presumably not at least to the same extent to ammonium salts as such.

An Analysis of the Methods used in the Study of Larval Trematodes

Parasitology ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Stunkard
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Fixed Material

The advantages and difficulties of various methods employed in the study of larval trematodes are discussed. The desirability of using living specimens rather than fixed material and of studying mature, normally emerged cercariae rather than those obtained by crushing the host is noted. Intra-vitam staining with neutral red is recommended to demonstrate the form and reaction of the secretory granules in gland cells. Knowledge of the details of the excretory system is of major importance in both theoretical and experimental work.

A Study of the Spheroid System of Sympathetic Neurones with Special Reference to the Problem of Neurosecretion

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (7) ◽  
pp. 333-350
Author(s):  
OWEN LEWIS THOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Golgi Body ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Vital Dyes ◽  
Dispersed System ◽  
Sympathetic Neurones

1. Evidence is put forward in support of the view that the Golgi complement of the vertebrate sympathetic neurone consists of a dispersed system of spherical bodies. These bodies can be studied in living cells and with vital dyes and each consists of a neutral red staining core (the vacuome of Parat) enveloped in a lipoidal sheath. 2. The classical Golgi body is shown to be an artifact produced within the cell. With the osmium techniques the spheroid bodies together with the mitochondria form a framework which serves as a centre for a non-specific deposition of metallic particles. 3. The Golgi spheroids exhibit a secretion cycle with the formation of a granular product. The granules are identified with the ‘neurosecretion’ granules of Scharrer. 4. These granules appear to be transported to the nucleus of the cell and there to be absorbed. This observed interrelationship between nucleus and Golgi product is discussed.

Cytoplasmic inclusions resembling mitochondria in the living cells of Rhodotorula glutinis

1960 ◽  
Vol 47 (14) ◽  
pp. 328-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Thyagarajan ◽  
M. K. Subramaniam
Keyword(s):  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

scholarly journals The supravital staining of osteoclasts with neutral-red: their distribution on the parietal bone of normal growing mice, and a comparison with the mutants grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (877) ◽  
pp. 467-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Staining Reaction ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Cranial Growth ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Supravital Staining

It is shown that the osteoclasts can be supravitally stained with neutral-red so that they are clearly visible under the dissecting microscope. Their distribution on the parietal bone of normal mice at several ages from birth to 28 days and the detailed appearance of neutral-red stained osteoclasts is described. It is shown that the staining reaction varies between individual cells, and some evidence is presented as to the relation of the neutral-red granules to cytoplasmic inclusions and to the Golgi apparatus. The bearing of the data on the origin and fate of osteoclasts is discussed. It is suggested that some of the small osteoclasts arise by separation from larger ones. Preliminary experiments on the application of the method to other parts of the skeleton by injection of the dye are described. The distribution of osteoclasts on the parietal bone of the grey-lethal and hydrocephalus-3 mutants is compared with the normal and the occurrence of giant osteoclasts in the grey-lethal is noted. A comparison of the normal and the grey-lethal by osteoclast counts is reported, and the accuracy of the method assessed. It is shown that the grey-lethal is deficient in number of osteoclasts, and possibly in the amount of osteoclast material. The distribution of osteoclast size in the normal and grey-lethal is compared. Some critical suggestions are put forward concerning the influence of mechanical factors in cranial growth, and the bearing of the present data on the problem is considered. Emphasis is laid on the tendency for a normal pattern of osteoclasts to be maintained even when the mechanical conditions are probably abnormal.

The Morphology of the Golgi Bodies with Reference to Secretion in the Liver-cells of the Slug, Anadenus Altivagus, as seen under the Phase-Contrast Microscope

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
RAJINDER RISHI
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscope ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Contrast Microscope ◽  
Dark Contrast

Golgi bodies in the living liver-cells of the slug, Anadenus altivagus, exist in two forms: (a) homogeneous granules or spheres of dark contrast, and (b) spheres showing a duplex structure with a light greyish internum and a dark externum, which may be single or composite. The greyish internum of these duplex spheroids grows into the secretory granules, the dark externum disappearing in the process of growth. Mitochondria appear as fibres of light greyish contrast with a dark granule at each tip. This dark granule disassociates itself from the mitochondrion and forms the Golgi granule of dark contrast--the Golgi ‘pre-substance’. The Golgi pre-substance, stainable with neutral red, forms the Golgi spheroids.

A Cytological and Histochemical Study of the Stria Vascularis of the Guinea-pig's Ear

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (57) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
JOHN T. Y. CHOU
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Stria Vascularis ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

The cells of the stria vascularis of the guinea-pig have been studied morphologically and histochemically. The stria vascularis consists of three layers of cells with bloodcapillaries. Apart from some yellowish pigments, the only cytoplasmic inclusions seen in the living cells and in the fixed materials are numerous rod-shaped mitochondria and spherical lipid globules. The mitochondria are about 1.5 µ in length with a diameter of 0.8 µ they contain phospholipid. The lipid globules are about 1.0 µ to 1.5 µ in diameter; they contain phospholipid and a small amount of cerebroside. The cytoplasm of these cells contains a small amount of diffused phospholipid and cerebroside.

ACTIVITY OF THE VASCULAR CAMBIUM IN RELATION TO WOUNDING IN THE BALSAM POPLAR, POPULUS BALSAMIFERA L.

1937 ◽  
Vol 15c (1) ◽  
pp. 7-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Populus Balsamifera ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Balsam Poplar ◽  
Complete Ring ◽  
Type Of Behavior ◽  
Stimulation Of

An investigation of the response of the vascular cambium to wounding in leader shoots of the balsam poplar, Populus balsamifera L., was carried out in the laboratory during the winter months, at which time observations on local wound cambial activity, distinct and apart from normal cambial activity, can be obtained. It was found, in disbudded units, that the greater the amount of living bark distal to a wound, the greater is the development of local cambial activity in relation to the wound. Local wound cambial activity is further promoted by the presence of developing buds and leaves distal to the wound, and the effect can be observed before the basipetal gradient of normal cambial activity emanating from the developing extension growth has reached the wound. Cambial activity in relation to wounding responds to gravity in the same way as normal cambial activity. In horizontally placed leader shoots, cambial activity is greater in relation to a wound on the upper side of the shoot than to a similar wound directly opposite on the lower side. On the basis of these results, it is suggested that a hormone, present in the living bark and also produced by developing buds and leaves, is involved in local wound cambial activity. In all probability this hormone is identical with that which promotes normal cambial activity.It is also suggested that a wound substance, capable of promoting by itself cell division only, is involved in local wound cambial activity. The amount of this wound substance produced is apparently proportional to the extent of dying of the cells of the bark subsequent to wounding. From the lower edge of a complete ring, a very feeble basipetal gradient of cambial activity arises, in which differentiation to form vessels and fibres does not occur, although a few tracheids may be found. This type of behavior has not hitherto been reported, and is interpreted as the result of stimulation of the cambial layers by the wound substance alone. Local cambial activity above a complete ring and in relation to bridged wounds, involves differentiation of more or less typical vessels and fibres, and is interpreted as the result of interaction between the wound substance and the cambial hormone traveling basipetally in the living cells of the bark. The absence or feebler development of cambial activity at certain points in relation to bridged wounds, in contrast to greater development at other points where presumably the concentration of cambial hormone must be less, is interpreted as the result of lack of wound substance or low concentration of it acting as a limiting factor.

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