scholarly journals Gastrointestinal and renal responses to variable water intake in whitebellied sunbirds and New Holland honeyeaters

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 (9) ◽  
pp. 1537-1545 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Purchase ◽  
K. R. Napier ◽  
S. W. Nicolson ◽  
T. J. McWhorter ◽  
P. A. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Renal Responses ◽  
Variable Water

Inhibitory mechanism of the nucleus of the solitary tract involved in the control of cardiovascular, dipsogenic, hormonal, and renal responses to hyperosmolality

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (7) ◽  
pp. R531-R542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela T. Blanch ◽  
André H. Freiria-Oliveira ◽  
David Murphy ◽  
Renata F. Paulin ◽  
José Antunes-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Visceral Afferents ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Plasma Vasopressin ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Renal Responses ◽  
Vasopressinergic Neurons

The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) is the primary site of visceral afferents to the central nervous system. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lesions in the commissural portion of the NTS (commNTS) on the activity of vasopressinergic neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, plasma vasopressin, arterial pressure, water intake, and sodium excretion in rats with plasma hyperosmolality produced by intragastric 2 M NaCl (2 ml/rat). Male Holtzman rats with 15–20 days of sham or electrolytic lesion (1 mA; 10 s) of the commNTS were used. CommNTS lesions enhanced a 2 M NaCl intragastrically induced increase in the number of vasopressinergic neurons expressing c-Fos in the PVN (28 ± 1, vs. sham: 22 ± 2 c-Fos/AVP cells) and SON (26 ± 4, vs. sham: 11 ± 1 c-Fos/AVP cells), plasma vasopressin levels (21 ± 8, vs. sham: 6.6 ± 1.3 pg/ml), pressor responses (25 ± 7 mmHg, vs. sham: 7 ± 2 mmHg), water intake (17.5 ± 0.8, vs. sham: 11.2 ± 1.8 ml/2 h), and natriuresis (4.9 ± 0.8, vs. sham: 1.4 ± 0.3 meq/1 h). The pretreatment with vasopressin antagonist abolished the pressor response to intragastric 2 M NaCl in commNTS-lesioned rats (8 ± 2.4 mmHg at 10 min), suggesting that this response is dependent on vasopressin secretion. The results suggest that inhibitory mechanisms dependent on commNTS act to limit or counterbalance behavioral, hormonal, cardiovascular, and renal responses to an acute increase in plasma osmolality.

scholarly journals Catecholaminergic neurons in the comissural region of the nucleus of the solitary tract modulate hyperosmolality-induced responses

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (9) ◽  
pp. R1082-R1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre H. Freiria-Oliveira ◽  
Graziela T. Blanch ◽  
Gustavo R. Pedrino ◽  
Sergio L. Cravo ◽  
David Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Pressor Response ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Body Fluid Homeostasis ◽  
Pressure Water ◽  
Acute Increase ◽  
Renal Responses

Noradrenergic A2 neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) have been suggested to contribute to body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lesions of A2 neurons of the commissural NTS (cNTS) on the c-Fos expression in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, arterial pressure, water intake, and urinary excretion in rats with plasma hyperosmolality produced by intragastric 2 M NaCl (2 ml/rat). Male Holtzman rats (280–320 g) received an injection of anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin (12.6 ng/60 nl; cNTS/A2-lesion, n = 28) or immunoglobulin G (IgG)-saporin (12.6 ng/60 nl; sham, n = 24) into the cNTS. The cNTS/A2 lesions increased the number of neurons expressing c-Fos in the magnocellular PVN in rats treated with hypertonic NaCl (90 ± 13, vs. sham: 47 ± 20; n = 4), without changing the number of neurons expressing c-Fos in the parvocellular PVN or in the SON. Contrary to sham rats, intragastric 2 M NaCl also increased arterial pressure in cNTS/A2-lesioned rats (16 ± 3, vs. sham: 2 ± 2 mmHg 60 min after the intragastric load; n = 9), an effect blocked by the pretreatment with the vasopressin antagonist Manning compound (0 ± 3 mmHg; n = 10). In addition, cNTS/A2 lesions enhanced hyperosmolality-induced water intake (10.5 ± 1.4, vs. sham: 7.7 ± 0.8 ml/60 min; n = 8–10), without changing renal responses to hyperosmolality. The results suggest that inhibitory mechanisms dependent on cNTS/A2 neurons reduce water intake and vasopressin-dependent pressor response to an acute increase in plasma osmolality.

SISTEM OTOMASI PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN BERBASIS TELEGRAM

SIGMA TEKNIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Muhammad Irsyam
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Notification System ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Plant Automation

ABSTRAK           Faktor yang menentukan kegagalan pertumbuhan suatu tanaman hampir dipengaruhi oleh teknik atau cara penyiraman tanaman yang salah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh teknik penyiraman yang dilakukan secara manual sehingga tidak semua tanaman mendapatkan asupan air yang merata untuk menghidari tanaman menjadi layu. Faktor lain yang menyebabkan kegagalan pertumbuhan tanaman adalah kelembaban tanah.          Oleh karena itu, untuk mengurangi permasalahan tersebut dirancanglah “Sistem Otomasi Penyiraman Tanaman Berbasis Telegram”. Adapun sistem ini meliputi penyiraman tanaman secara otomatis berdasarkan kadar kelembaban tanah dengan sistem pemberitahuan atau notifikasi yang akan dikirimkan kepada petani dengan menggunakan aplikasi smart phone Telegram.          Sistem ini telah mampu mengontrol penyiraman sesuai dengan kondisi yang diinginkan. Dengan adanya sistem otomasi penyiraman tanaman berbasis telegram maka dapat meningkatkan efesiensi dan efektivitas petani sehingga kualitas tanaman dapat terjaga dengan baik.Kata kunci -- Penyiraman Tanaman, Penyiraman Secara Otomatis, Telegram.ABSTRACT                Factors that determine the failure of a plant's growth of almost are influenced by incorrect cropping techniques or methods. This is caused by the technique of watering is done manually so that not all plants get a uniform water intake to avoid crops withered. Another factor that causes plant growth failure is soil moisture.          Therefore, to reduce the problem was designed "Telegram Based Water Planting Automation System". The system includes automatic watering of plants based on moisture level of the soil with a notification or notification system that will be sent to farmers using Telegram smart phone applications.          This system has been able to control the watering according to the desired conditions. With the telegraph-based plant watering plant automation system can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of farmers so that the quality of the plant can be maintained properly. Keywords -- Watering Plants, Watering Automatically, Telegram.  

Effect of prolactin inhibition under heat exposure on water intake and excretion of urine, sodium and potassium in bulls

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Schams ◽  
E. Stephan ◽  
R. D. Hooley
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Group I ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract. Six Holstein bulls were housed in a climate-chamber under constant light regimen and after two weeks of preconditioning at 15°C, 60% relative humidity RH (day) and 12°C, 60% RH (night) were subjected to two weeks of heat exposure. This involved one week at 30°C and 60% RH (day) and 25°C and 60% RH (night) and a further week at 35°C, 60% RH (day) and 30°C, 60% RH (night). Three bulls were untreated (group I) and 3 bulls were treated (group II) just before and during heat exposure with a prolactin inhibitor to study the possible physiological role of prolactin on the regulation of water, potassium and sodium. Serum prolactin levels increased significantly (P < 0.01) in group I from the control value of 6 ng/ml to 33 and 44 ng/ml when the ambient temperature was increased (weeks 3 and 4) and then decreased to 21 and 12 ng/ml after reduction in temperature during weeks 5 and 6, respectively. For group II prolactin values decreased under the treatment with the prolactin inhibitor to 0.5 ng/ml and remained at this level throughout the experiment. GH levels were unaffected by heat treatment or by treatment with prolactin inhibitor. There were no differences between groups I and II in respiratory rate, pulse rate and rectal temperature. Water intake increased in both groups under heat exposure but decreased significantly afterwards only in group II. Differences in urinary excretion volume and blood serum osmolality were not significant. Urinary potassium and sodium excretion were unchanged in group II but increased with heat exposure in group I. During heat exposure 2 bulls of group II lost weight despite maintaining food intake.

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