scholarly journals Responses to Acute Aquatic Hypoxia in Larvae of the Frog Rana Berlandieri

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Ventilation Frequency ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Rana Berlandieri

The oxygen consumption of larvae of the frog Rana berlandieri Baird was reduced during exposure to aquatic hypoxia at 25°C, and under severe hypoxia the larvae lost oxygen to the water. The larvae responded to aquatic hypoxia by increasing aerial oxygen consumption and lung ventilatory frequency, and also by altering their heart rate and gill ventilation frequency. Under severe or prolonged aquatic hypoxia without access to air, Rana larvae accumulated lactate. When prevented from breathing air, the larvae were unable to compensate fully by increasing their aquatic oxygen consumption. Body size or the interaction of body size and oxygen partial pressure significantly affected the aerial oxygen consumption, the total oxygen consumption and gill ventilation frequency, but did not affect other aspects of larval gas exchange. Anuran larvae resemble air-breathing fishes in some responses to aquatic hypoxia (e.g. increased dependence upon aerial oxygen uptake and changes in ventilatory frequencies), but are unusual in some ways (e.g. oxygen loss to the water). The interactions of body size and hypoxia are not sufficient to explain why so many anuran larvae without lungs are small.

The Effects of Size, Distance, Height and Frequency on Manual Handling Performance

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent M. Ciriello ◽  
Stover H. Snook
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Test Subject ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Handling Performance ◽  
Second Shift ◽  
Manual Handling ◽  
Pushing And Pulling

Fifteen second shift male industrial workers from local industries performed 61 variations of lifting, pushing and pulling tasks to investigate the effects of task frequency, height, distance, and box size. A psychophysical methodology was employed whereby the test subject controlled the amount of weight or force being handled. Measurements of heart rate, oxygen consumption, and body size were also taken. The results indicated that size, distance, height and frequency are significant variables to consider when establishing guidelines for maximum acceptable weights.

scholarly journals Swimming and Diving in Tufted Ducks, Aythya Fuligula, with Particular Reference to Heart Rate and Gas Exchange

1983 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 311-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Woakes ◽  
P. J. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Dive Duration ◽  
Air Breathing

In six tufted ducks there was a linear relationship between heart rate and oxygen consumption when swimming at different velocities.Mean oxygen consumption at mean duration of voluntary dives was 3.5 times resting and not significantly different from that at maximum sustainable swimming speed. Contrary to an earlier report (Prange & Schmidt-Nielsen, 1970), leg beat frequency increased with increased swimming speed. Although heart rate at mean dive duration was 51 % higher than the resting value, it was a significant 59 beats min−1 lower than predicted from the heart rate/oxygen consumption relationship obtained during swimming. This relationship is, therefore, of no use for predicting oxygen consumption from heart rate during diving, nor incidentally during transient changes during air breathing. It is concluded that during voluntary diving in tufted ducks there is a balance between the cardiovascular responses to forced submersion (bradycardia, selective vasoconstriction) and to exercise in air (tachycardia and vasodilatation in active muscles), with the bias towards the latter.

Acute Cardio-respiratory responses of Spangled Perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor (Gunther 1859), to Sublethal concentrations of Zinc, Temephos and 2,4-D

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Gehrke
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Spangled perch, Leiopotherapon unicolor, were exposed to concentrations of 5.0, 10 or 20 mg 1-1 zinc, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg 1-1 temephos or 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg 1-1 2,4-D at 25�C for 2 h, during which time ventilation rate, heart rate and oxygen consumption were continuously monitored. Fish exposed to 10 and 20 mg 1-1 zinc demonstrated a significant increase in ventilation rate; those exposed to 20 mg 1-1 also developed a significant bradycardia. Exposure to 10 mg 1-1 temephos caused an immediate reduction in ventilation rate and oxygen consumption, and also reduced heart rate during the second hour of exposure. Fish exposed to 10 mg 1-1 temephos died within 12 h. Responses of fish to 2,4-D gave no indication of toxic effects on the cardio-respiratory system. Cardio-respiratory responses to zinc are attributed to damage caused to the gill epithelium, which results in impaired gas exchange and lowered oxygen tension in arterial blood. Effects of exposure to temephos correspond to cholinesterase inhibition in nerves supplying the respiratory musculature and the heart.

Effects of temperature and body size upon heart rate and oxygen consumption in turtles

1960 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Hutton ◽  
Don R. Boyer ◽  
James C. Williams ◽  
Peter M. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Heart rate and respiratory adjustments during work of increasing intensity in Hinterwaelder and Zebu oxen

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rometsch ◽  
U. Roser ◽  
K. Becker ◽  
A. Susenbeth
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Heart Beat ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Quality Diet

AbstractHeart rate, ventilation measurements and gas exchange were studied in seven Hinterwaelder (Bos taurus) (494 (s.e. 16) kg) and five zebu (Bos indicusj oxen (516 (s.e. 60) kg), while the animals were standing, walking and pulling different loads. During standing, the heart rate, respiration rate, ventilation volume per min, total carbon dioxide production, total oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption per heart beat were lower in the zebu group than in the Hinterwaelder group (P < 0·05). The higher values for the Hinterwaelder were probably due to their higher metabolic rate, because of their younger age, higher level of feeding and better quality diet. The adaptation of gas exchange to higher work loads was achieved mainly by higher ventilation volumes. The composition of the expired air changed minimally. At similar levels of draught power output, the total energy expenditure minus energy expenditure of walking of the zebu oxen was lower than that of the Hinterwaelder oxen (P < 0·02). On the other hand at similar levels of heat production, the heart rate and ventilation volume per min did not differ significantly between the two breeds (P > 0·05). In spite of the differences in environment, feeding level and draught efficiency, the physiological adaptations made by the two breeds in response to work were similar.

scholarly journals Body Size in Relation to Oxygen Consumption and Pleopod Beat in Ligia Oceanica L

1951 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. Male Ligia oceanica were used in an investigation of the relationship of body size to rate of oxygen consumption and pleopod beat. 2. Animals varied in weight from 0.04 to 1.03 g. and from 0.95 to 3.1 cm. in length. 3. Body shape does not change significantly over the size range, for length and breadth both increase at the same rate, and pleopod dimensions bear a constant relation to body length. 4. Specific gravity also is constant, for the relation of body weight to the cube of body length shows no trend with increasing size. 5. Oxygen consumption per gram decreases with increasing size and is proportional to the -0.274 Power of body weight. Total oxygen consumption is therefore proportional to the 0.726 power of body weight; but this value does not differ significantly from two-thirds. 6. As shape is constant, surface area is proportional to the square of a linear dimension. It is shown that oxygen consumption per unit of length2 is constant over the size range. Although body length was measured far less accurately than body weight it is shown that it assesses ‘body size’ more accurately. 7. Rate of pleopod beat was measured at 15 and 25°C.; it decreases with the size of the animal. At 15°C. time per beat varies as the 0.66 power of body length, and at 25°C. as the 0.59 power; neither of these values differs significantly from 0.5. Despite the fact that pleopod movement is heavily damped, the rate therefore varies like that of a pendulum. 9. The workof Fox (1936-9) and Fox et al. (1937a)on the rate of oxygen consumption of animals from cold and warmer seas and from different habitats is considered. It is suggested that many of their comparisons are invalidated by differences in body size of the animals concerned, and that, in relation to environment, no basis, theoretical or experimental, has been established for a distinction between ‘nonlocomotory’ and ‘activity’ metabolism.

scholarly journals RESEARCH INTO THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS AND THEIR BINARY MIXTURE ON THE CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF FISH LARVAE / SUNKIŲJŲ METALŲ IR JŲ BINARINIO MIŠINIO POVEIKIO ŽUVŲ KARDIORESPIRACINEI SISTEMAI ANKSTYVOJOJE ONTOGENEZĖJE TYRIMAI

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Aistė Liekytė ◽  
Raimondas Leopoldas Idzelis ◽  
Nijolė Kazlauskienė
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Binary Mixture ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Ventilation Frequency ◽  
Metal Metal ◽  
Gill Ventilation

This article investigates toxic effects of heavy metals (Ni, Cu) and their binary mixture (Ni+Cu) on the cardio-respiratory system of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae depending on the type of metal, metal concentration and the duration of their exposure. The one-day larvae of rainbow trout were exposed to Ni (0,1; 0,2 mg/l, respectively), Cu (0,25; 0;5 mg/l, respectively) and their binary mixture. During long-term exposure (30 days), the physiological parameters of larvae, e.g. heart rate (counts/min), gill ventilation frequency (counts/min) after 5, 10 and 20 days of exposure were recorded. During experimental studies, the effects of heavy metals and their binary mixture on the heart rate and gill ventilation frequency of rainbow trout larvae depending on the type of metal, their concentrations and exposure duration were determined. Consequently, comparative studies on toxic effects of heavy metals and their binary mixture on the cardio-respiratory system of rainbow trout larvae showed that the binary mixture was more toxic to larvae than to single metals. Santrauka Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamas sunkiųjų metalų (Ni, Cu) ir jų binarinio mišinio (Ni + Cu) toksinis poveikis vaivorykštinio upėtakio (Oncorhynchus mykiss) lervų kardiorespiracinei sistemai, priklausomai nuo veikiamo metalo rūšies, metalų koncentracijos ir ekspozicijos trukmės. Vaivorykštinio upėtakio vienadienės lervos buvo veikiamos Ni (0,1; 0,2 mg/l), Cu (0,25; 0,5 mg/l) ir jų binariniu mišiniu. Ilgalaikio tyrimo metu (30 parų) buvo registruojami lervų fiziologiniai rodikliai – širdies ir kvėpavimo dažniai (krt./min.) po 5, 10 ir 20 parų ekspozicijos. Atlikus eksperimentinius tyrimus, nustatytas sunkiųjų metalų ir jų binarinio mišinio poveikis vaivorykštinio upėtakio lervų širdies ir kvėpavimo dažniams, priklausomai nuo veikiamo metalo rūšies, koncentracijos ir ekspozicijos trukmės. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad atskirų sunkiųjų metalų (Ni, Cu) poveikis lervų kardiorespiracinei sistemai silpnesnis, nei veikiant metalų binariniu mišiniu.

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