Gas exchange and metabolism in the sirenidae (Amphibia: Caudata)—I. Oxygen consumption of submerged sirenids as a function of body size and respiratory surface area

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon R Ultsch
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Respiratory Surface

An analysis of respiratory surface area as a limit to activity metabolism in anurans

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2100-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley S. Hillman ◽  
Philip C. Withers
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Interspecific Difference ◽  
Capillary Length ◽  
Anuran Amphibians ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Maximum Limit

Maximal [Formula: see text] and resting [Formula: see text] oxygen consumption rates of a variety of anuran amphibians were measured to evaluate the proportionality between [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and mass. Interspecific differences in the slope of the function relating [Formula: see text] and body mass were not correlated with differences in respiratory capillary length. Interspecific differences in absolute [Formula: see text] were not matched by any interspecific difference in respiratory capillary length. Unilaterally pneumonectomized Xenopus laevis did not show a decline in [Formula: see text] proportional to the amount of respiratory surface area removed. The data indicate that respiratory surface area does not impose a maximum limit on gas exchange in anuran amphibians.

Surface Area of the Euphausiid Thysanöessa raschii and Its Relation to Body Length, Weight, and Respiration

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth C. H. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Length ◽  
External Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
External Surface Area ◽  
Marine Crustaceans ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
Wet Weight

A method is described for estimating the surface area of marine crustaceans. The external surface area of the euphausiid Thysanöessa raschii (M. Sars) is proportional to length2.4, dry weight0.95, and wet weight0.84. Oxygen consumption is proportional to wet weight0.82, which indicates that respiration should be proportional to respiratory surface area. The implications of this finding regarding the relations of metabolic rate, size, and surface area are discussed in a broader framework by comparing them with similar studies on vertebrates and other invertebrates.

scholarly journals Responses to Acute Aquatic Hypoxia in Larvae of the Frog Rana Berlandieri

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Total Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Loss ◽  
Anuran Larvae ◽  
Ventilation Frequency ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Rana Berlandieri

The oxygen consumption of larvae of the frog Rana berlandieri Baird was reduced during exposure to aquatic hypoxia at 25°C, and under severe hypoxia the larvae lost oxygen to the water. The larvae responded to aquatic hypoxia by increasing aerial oxygen consumption and lung ventilatory frequency, and also by altering their heart rate and gill ventilation frequency. Under severe or prolonged aquatic hypoxia without access to air, Rana larvae accumulated lactate. When prevented from breathing air, the larvae were unable to compensate fully by increasing their aquatic oxygen consumption. Body size or the interaction of body size and oxygen partial pressure significantly affected the aerial oxygen consumption, the total oxygen consumption and gill ventilation frequency, but did not affect other aspects of larval gas exchange. Anuran larvae resemble air-breathing fishes in some responses to aquatic hypoxia (e.g. increased dependence upon aerial oxygen uptake and changes in ventilatory frequencies), but are unusual in some ways (e.g. oxygen loss to the water). The interactions of body size and hypoxia are not sufficient to explain why so many anuran larvae without lungs are small.

Relation of Body Size and Surface Area to Gas Exchange in Anurans

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor H. Hutchison ◽  
Walter G. Whitford ◽  
Margaret Kohl
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area

Influence of body size on oxygen consumption during bicycling

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 668-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Swain ◽  
J. R. Coast ◽  
P. S. Clifford ◽  
M. C. Milliken ◽  
J. Stray-Gundersen
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Frontal Area ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Air Resistance ◽  
All Speeds

Energy in bicycling is primarily expended to overcome air resistance, which is proportional to a cyclist's surface area (SA). Thus we hypothesized that large cyclists should have a lower O2 consumption normalized to body weight (VO2/BW) than small cyclists because of the former's lower SA/BW. We measured the VO2/BW of small (BW = 59.4 +/- 4.1 kg) and large (BW = 84.4 +/- 3.2 kg) cyclists while they bicycled on a flat road at 10, 15, and 20 mph. The large cyclists had a 22% lower VO2/BW than the small cyclists at all speeds. However, the SA/BW ratio of the large cyclists was only 11% lower than that of the small cyclists. We then photographically determined the frontal area (FA) of the cyclists in a racing posture, and found that the large cyclists had a 16% lower FA/BW ratio than the small cyclists. We conclude that large cyclists are at a distinct advantage, in terms of VO2/BW, while bicycling on level roads, and this advantage is principally due to their lower FA/BW ratio.

scholarly journals Oxygen Consumption and Cell Size. A Comparison of the Rate of Oxygen Consumption of Diploid and Triploid Prepupae of Drosophila Melanogaster Meigen

1953 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. ELLENBY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. The oxygen consumption and surface area of individual diploid and triploid prepupae of Drosophila melanogaster have been measured, the cells of triploid animals being larger. 2. The mean weights for the types examined are different but their ranges overlap almost completely. By covariance analysis it is shown that, after adjustment for difference in body size, there are no differences in the rates of oxygen consumption. It is concluded that, for these animals, cell size has no influence on the rate of oxygen consumption. 3. The relationships between body weight, surface area, and oxygen consumption have been further investigated. It is shown that, despite the greater inaccuracy of the method by which surface area is determined, oxygen consumption can be predicted more accurately from surface area than from body weight. 4. The results are discussed in relation to an earlier investigation of the oxygen consumption of other genotypes (Ellenby, 1945 a, b). Possible technical causes of certain differences between the two series of results in the relationship of oxygen consumption and body weight are explored; it is concluded, however, that they are almost certainly due to differences, not necessarily genetical, between the animals used in the two series.

Allometric Scaling Factors for Oxygen Uptake during Exercise in Children

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danette M. Rogers ◽  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
Kathleen I. Kujawa ◽  
Kevin M. Harper ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Allometric Scaling ◽  
Scaling Factors ◽  
Treadmill Testing ◽  
The Relationship

This study was designed to examine the relationship between oxygen consumption and both body surface area and body mass in children to determine what allometric scaling factors from these variables provide appropriate means of expressing data for this population. These scaling factors were then compared to exponents based on theoretical and animal models to determine if the same relationships were present. Forty-two children (21 boys and 21 girls) 7 to 9 years of age participated in maximal and submaximal treadmill testing. The submaximal V̇O2 to body size relationship proved to be a more appropriate factor to use when scaling V̇O2 than the relationship seen between body size and V̇O2max. Therefore, in this population of children, V̇O2 relative to body surface area or body mass to the power 0.67, demonstrated submaximally, provided a more appropriate means of data expression both statistically and physiologically than the traditional expression of V̇O2 relative to body mass (ml·kg−1·min−1).

scholarly journals The scaling and potential importance of cutaneous and branchial surfaces in respiratory gas exchange in larval and juvenile walleye

1997 ◽  
Vol 200 (18) ◽  
pp. 2459-2468 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Rombough ◽  
B Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Skin Area ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Respiratory Gas Exchange ◽  
Respiratory Surface ◽  
Gill Area

Measurements were made of the surface areas (As) of the skin and gills of larval and juvenile walleye Stizostedion vitreum with a body mass (M) of between 2mg (1 day post hatch) and 2.3g (98 days post hatch). The skin, with a relative surface area (As/M) of approximately 8500mm2g-1, accounted for more than 99.9% of the total surface area (skin + gills) at 1 day post hatch. The relative area of the skin decreased as fish grew at an allometric rate of b-1=-0.32±0.01 (mean ± s.e.m., where b-1 is the specific-mass exponent in the allometric equation YxM-1=aMb-1, in which Y is surface area and a is a constant). The relative surface area of the gills (filaments + lamellae) increased in a hyperbolic fashion from very low levels (approximately 5mm2g-1) at 1 day post hatch to reach a maximum of approximately 1100mm2g-1 at a body mass of approximately 200mg. Thereafter, relative gill area declined at an allometric rate of b-1=-0.19±0.10 (mean ± s.e.m.). Gill area, because it declined at a slower relative rate, finally exceeded skin area at a body mass of approximately 700mg. The relative surface area of the skin and gills combined (total surface area) decreased at a more-or-less constant allometric rate of b-1=-0.21±0.01 (mean ± s.e.m.) throughout the experimental period. On the basis of the allometric rates of expansion, the structural capacity to supply oxygen (b-1=-0.19; total gill area, this study) and metabolic demand for oxygen (b-1~-0.13; mean literature value for routine and resting metabolism) appear to remain fairly closely matched in postlarval walleye (>300mg). The two parameters do not display the same degree of concordance during larval development. In larvae, total respiratory surface area declines on a mass-specific basis at roughly the same rate (b-1=-0.21) as gill area does in older fish but, unlike in older fish, metabolic demand for oxygen does not change (b-1~0.0). This results in a progressive decline in effective respiratory surface area (As/M.O2) but does not affect O2 uptake, probably because larvae are so small that surface area is not the limiting factor in gas exchange. Analysis of data from the literature suggests that surface area typically becomes limiting at a body mass of approximately 100mg. The major function of gills in smaller larvae (<100mg) appears to involve ionoregulation or related aspects of acid­base balance rather than respiratory gas exchange.

Exercising with and Without Lungs: I. The Effects of Metabolic Cost, Maximal Oxygen Transport and Body Size on Terrestrial Locomotion in Salamander Species

1988 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 471-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT J. FULL ◽  
BRUCE D. ANDERSON ◽  
CASEY M. FINNERTY ◽  
MARTIN E. FEDER
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Ambystoma Laterale ◽  
Salamander Species

To whom offprint reprints should be addressed. Metabolic cost, oxygen consumption (MO2, respiratory structure and body size interact to determine the capacity of salamanders for terrestrial locomotion. Salamanders respiring via both lungs and skin, Ambystoma laterale and A. tigrinum, or with skin alone, Desmognathus ochrophaeus and D. quadramaculatus, attained a steady-state MO2 during exercise in a treadmill respirometer. Endurance was correlated with the speed at which maximal MO2, was attained (VMO2.max). Low aerobic costs of transport (60–80% lower than reptiles of similar mass) increased VMO2.max. However, in lungless salamanders a low maximum MO2 decreased VMO2.max significantly. MO2 increased only 1.6- to 3.0-fold above resting rates in active lungless salamanders, whereas it could increase 3.5- to 7.0-fold in active lunged salamanders. Lungless salamanders attained maximal MO2 at half to one-tenth the speed of lunged animals. Lungless salamanders fatigued in 20 min or less at speeds that lunged salamanders could sustain for 1–2 h. Body size also affected the capacity for oxygen uptake during activity and locomotor performance. The large lungless salamander D. quadramaculatus attained maximum MO2 even at its lowest rate of travel. Cutaneous gas exchange does not provide lungless salamanders with gas transport capacities found in lunged animals. However, only small increases in MO2 may be required for modest levels of activity.

scholarly journals Upper limits to body size imposed by respiratory–structural trade-offs in Antarctic pycnogonids

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1865) ◽  
pp. 20171779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Lane ◽  
Caitlin M. Shishido ◽  
Amy L. Moran ◽  
Bret W. Tobalske ◽  
Claudia P. Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Structural Support ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
Cutaneous Respiration

Across metazoa, surfaces for respiratory gas exchange are diverse, and the size of those surfaces scales with body size. In vertebrates with lungs and gills, surface area and thickness of the respiratory barrier set upper limits to rates of metabolism. Conversely, some organisms and life stages rely on cutaneous respiration, where the respiratory surface (skin, cuticle, eggshell) serves two primary functions: gas exchange and structural support. The surface must be thin and porous enough to transport gases but strong enough to withstand external forces. Here, we measured the scaling of surface area and cuticle thickness in Antarctic pycnogonids, a group that relies on cutaneous respiration. Surface area and cuticle thickness scaled isometrically, which may reflect the dual roles of cuticle in gas exchange and structural support. Unlike in vertebrates, the combined scaling of these variables did not match the scaling of metabolism. To resolve this mismatch, larger pycnogonids maintain steeper oxygen gradients and higher effective diffusion coefficients of oxygen in the cuticle. Interactions among scaling components lead to hard upper limits in body size, which pycnogonids could evade only with some other evolutionary innovation in how they exchange gases.

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