Ultraviolet Sensitivity and Spectral Opponency in the Locust

1986 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-208
Author(s):  
D. OSORIO
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Light Response ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Single Population ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Ultraviolet Sensitivity ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

Intracellular recordings in the medulla of the locust optic lobe reveal units showing u.v. sensitivity and spectral opponency. Previously only a single population of photoreceptors had been recorded in the locust retina, with peak sensitivity from 450–480 nm. Behavioural measurements show that the dorsal light response is elicited only by u.v. light, unlike the optomotor response whose spectral sensitivity is probably attributable to inputs from the green-sensitive cells. The possibility that the cells described may be involved in maintenance of level flight is discussed.

scholarly journals Photoreceptors and diurnal variation in spectral sensitivity in the fiddler crab Gelasimus dampieri

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (23) ◽  
pp. jeb230979
Author(s):  
Anna-Lee Jessop ◽  
Yuri Ogawa ◽  
Zahra M. Bagheri ◽  
Julian C. Partridge ◽  
Jan M. Hemmi
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Selective Adaptation ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Intracellular Recordings ◽  
Retinular Cell ◽  
Minimum Requirement ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Retinular Cells

ABSTRACTColour signals, and the ability to detect them, are important for many animals and can be vital to their survival and fitness. Fiddler crabs use colour information to detect and recognise conspecifics, but their colour vision capabilities remain unclear. Many studies have attempted to measure their spectral sensitivity and identify contributing retinular cells, but the existing evidence is inconclusive. We used electroretinogram (ERG) measurements and intracellular recordings from retinular cells to estimate the spectral sensitivity of Gelasimus dampieri and to track diurnal changes in spectral sensitivity. G. dampieri has a broad spectral sensitivity and is most sensitive to wavelengths between 420 and 460 nm. Selective adaptation experiments uncovered an ultraviolet (UV) retinular cell with a peak sensitivity shorter than 360 nm. The species’ spectral sensitivity above 400 nm is too broad to be fitted by a single visual pigment and using optical modelling, we provide evidence that at least two medium-wavelength sensitive (MWS) visual pigments are contained within a second blue-green sensitive retinular cell. We also found a ∼25 nm diurnal shift in spectral sensitivity towards longer wavelengths in the evening in both ERG and intracellular recordings. Whether the shift is caused by screening pigment migration or changes in opsin expression remains unclear, but the observation shows the diel dynamism of colour vision in this species. Together, these findings support the notion that G. dampieri possesses the minimum requirement for colour vision, with UV and blue/green receptors, and help to explain some of the inconsistent results of previous research.

scholarly journals The spectral sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla R. Sharkey ◽  
Jorge Blanco ◽  
Maya M. Leibowitz ◽  
Daniel Pinto-Benito ◽  
Trevor J. Wardill
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Cross Modulation ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster has long been a popular model insect species, due in large part to the availability of genetic tools and is fast becoming the model for insect colour vision. Key to understanding colour reception in Drosophila is in-depth knowledge of spectral inputs and downstream neural processing. While recent studies have sparked renewed interest in colour processing in Drosophila, photoreceptor spectral sensitivity measurements have yet to be carried out in vivo. We have fully characterised the spectral input to the motion and colour vision pathways, and directly measured the effects of spectral modulating factors, screening pigment density and carotenoid-based ocular pigments. All receptor sensitivities had significant shifts in spectral sensitivity compared to previous measurements. Notably, the spectral range of the Rh6 visual pigment is substantially broadened and its peak sensitivity is shifted by 92 nm from 508 to 600 nm. We propose that this deviation can be explained by transmission of long wavelengths through the red screening pigment and by the presence of the blue-absorbing filter in the R7y receptors. Further, we tested direct interactions between photoreceptors and found evidence of interactions between inner and outer receptors, in agreement with previous findings of cross-modulation between receptor outputs in the lamina.

scholarly journals Behavioural red-light sensitivity in fish according to the optomotor response

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 210415
Author(s):  
Megumi Matsuo ◽  
Yasuhiro Kamei ◽  
Shoji Fukamachi
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Optokinetic Response ◽  
Cone Opsin

Various procedures have been adopted to investigate spectral sensitivity of animals, e.g. absorption spectra of visual pigments, electroretinography, optokinetic response, optomotor response (OMR) and phototaxis. The use of these techniques has led to various conclusions about animal vision. However, visual sensitivity should be evaluated consistently for a reliable comparison. In this study, we retrieved behavioural data of several fish species using a single OMR procedure and compared their sensitivities to near-infrared light. Besides cavefish that lack eyes, some species were not appropriate for the OMR test because they either stayed still or changed swimming direction frequently. Eight of 13 fish species tested were OMR positive. Detailed analyses using medaka, goldfish, zebrafish, guppy, stickleback and cichlid revealed that all the fish were sensitive to light at a wavelength greater than or equal to 750 nm, where the threshold wavelengths varied from 750 to 880 nm. Fish opsin repertoire affected the perception of red light. By contrast, the copy number of long-wavelength-sensitive ( LWS ) genes did not necessarily improve red-light sensitivity. While the duplication of LWS and other cone opsin genes that has occurred extensively during fish evolution might not aid increasing spectral sensitivity, it may provide some other advantageous ophthalmic function, such as enhanced spectral discrimination.

The Spectral Sensitivity of the Goldfish and the Clawed Toad Tadpole Under Photopic Conditions

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-493
Author(s):  
J. R. CRONLY-DILLON ◽  
W. R. A. MUNTZ
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Phototactic Response ◽  
Sensitivity Curves ◽  
Maximal Sensitivity ◽  
Toad Tadpole ◽  
Cone Sensitivity ◽  
Vitamin A2

1. Photopic spectral sensitivity curves have been obtained by means of the optomotor response for the tadpole of the clawed toad (Xenopus laevis), and for the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Both these animals have visual pigments based on vitamin A2, and would be expected therefore to have photopic sensitivity curves maximal at about 615 mµ and fitting, at any rate approximately, the absorption spectrum of cyanopsin. 2. The results with Xenopus show a broad curve extending far into the red, and having its maximal sensitivity at about 630 mµ It is probable that this curve reflects the summated activity of two receptors, maximally sensitive at 610 and 630 m/t. 3. The results are discussed in relation to other behavioural work with Xenopus, using the phototactic response, in which an entirely different form of spectral curve was obtained, and in relation to behavioural and physiological data which are available for Rana. 4. The photopic curve of the goldfish shows three humps, which can be separated out to a large extent by using different background illuminations. One hump is maximal at about 610 mµ, the classical position for cone sensitivity in freshwater fish. A second hump is maximal at about 530 mµ and is probably due to the rods, and the third hump is maximal at about 450 mµ in the blue. The relation of these three receptors to colour vision in this animal are discussed.

Spectral Sensitivity of Scorpion Eyes and the Possible Role of Shielding Pigment Effect

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
L. MACHAN
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Ultraviolet Sensitivity ◽  
Marked Drop

1. The lateral eye shows one maximum in the ultraviolet and another in the blue-green region of the spectrum, probably attributable to two receptor types. 2. Light-adapted lateral eyes show the peculiar effect of a marked drop in ultraviolet sensitivity, irrespective of the colour of the adapting light. 3. Absorption by shielding pigment of the lateral eye is slightly selective in the short wavelengths. 4. The median eye has one maximum in the blue-green, violet sensitivity being apparent only with prolonged dark-adaptation. 5. Absorption by the shielding pigment of the median eye appears to be non-selective.

Spectral inputs and ocellar contributions to a pitch-sensitive descending neuron in the honeybee

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1202-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-S. Hung ◽  
J. P. van Kleef ◽  
G. Stange ◽  
M. R. Ibbotson
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Response Component

By measuring insect compensatory optomotor reflexes to visual motion, researchers have examined the computational mechanisms of the motion processing system. However, establishing the spectral sensitivity of the neural pathways that underlie this motion behavior has been difficult, and the contribution of the simple eyes (ocelli) has been rarely examined. In this study we investigate the spectral response properties and ocellar inputs of an anatomically identified descending neuron (DNII2) in the honeybee optomotor pathway. Using a panoramic stimulus, we show that it responds selectively to optic flow associated with pitch rotations. The neuron is also stimulated with a custom-built light-emitting diode array that presented moving bars that were either all-green (spectrum 500–600 nm, peak 530 nm) or all-short wavelength (spectrum 350–430 nm, peak 380 nm). Although the optomotor response is thought to be dominated by green-sensitive inputs, we show that DNII2 is equally responsive to, and direction selective to, both green- and short-wavelength stimuli. The color of the background image also influences the spontaneous spiking behavior of the cell: a green background produces significantly higher spontaneous spiking rates. Stimulating the ocelli produces strong modulatory effects on DNII2, significantly increasing the amplitude of its responses in the preferred motion direction and decreasing the response latency by adding a directional, short-latency response component. Our results suggest that the spectral sensitivity of the optomotor response in honeybees may be more complicated than previously thought and that ocelli play a significant role in shaping the timing of motion signals.

Effect of Season and Sex on the Photopic Spectral Sensitivity of the Three-Spined Stickleback

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-687
Author(s):  
JOHN CRONLY-DILLON ◽  
SANSAR C. SHARMA
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Optomotor Response ◽  
Males And Females

1. The photopic spectral sensitivity of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus was obtained behaviourally using the optomotor response as the index of sensitivity. Our experiments were designed to determine whether spectral sensitivity was affected (i) by the sex of the fish, and (ii) by season. 2. In females γmax occurred at approximately 510 run. and 594 nm. In males the corresponding values were 502 nm. and 594 nm. Thus there appears to be a small but consistent difference of the order of 10 nm. between the shorter wavelength peaks of males and females. 3. In males the spectral sensitivity appears to remain virtually unchanged throughout the year. By contrast, during the summer months when reproductive activity is highest, the optomotor threshold for females at the red (594 nm.) end of the spectrum is considerably lower than the corresponding threshold value for males. This difference between the sexes disappears during winter months when reproductive activity is at a minimum.

Fly photoreceptors I. Physical separation of two visual pigments in Calliphora retinula cells 1-6

1975 ◽  
Vol 190 (1099) ◽  
pp. 211-224 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Polarization Sensitivity ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms ◽  
Sensitivity Curves ◽  
Peak Sensitivity ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Different Parts

The two peaks of the spectral sensitivity curves of Calliphora correspond to two visual pigments. The peak sensitivity to polarized light for the u. v. sensitive pigment is at an angle to that for the green-sensitive pigment. The change in angle of the maximum polarization sensitivity as a function of wavelength occurs near 400 nm; in this transition the curves do not follow a cos 2 function. The angle between the two maxima is different for each retinula cell. The only explanation of this phenomenon is that there are two visual pigments in different parts of the receptor, and one part is twisted relative to the other. There are therefore two metarhodopsins and the adaptation mechanisms are partially separate for the two peaks of the spectral sensitivity. The inference of two separated pigments modifies the interpretation of much previous work on fly photoreceptors.

scholarly journals The spectral sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla R. Sharkey ◽  
Jorge Blanco ◽  
Maya M. Leibowitz ◽  
Daniel Pinto-Benito ◽  
Trevor J. Wardill
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

Abstract Drosophila melanogaster has long been a popular model insect species, due in large part to the availability of genetic tools and is fast becoming the model for insect colour vision. Key to understanding colour reception in Drosophila is in-depth knowledge of spectral inputs and downstream neural processing. While recent studies have sparked renewed interest in colour processing in Drosophila, photoreceptor spectral sensitivity measurements have yet to be carried out in vivo. We have fully characterised the spectral input to the motion and colour vision pathways, and directly measured the effects of spectral modulating factors, screening pigment density and carotenoid-based ocular pigments. All receptor sensitivities had significant shifts in spectral sensitivity compared to previous measurements. Notably, the spectral range of the Rh6 visual pigment is substantially broadened and its peak sensitivity is shifted by 92 nm from 508 to 600 nm. We show that this deviation can be explained by transmission of long wavelengths through the red screening pigment and by the presence of the blue-absorbing filter in the R7y receptors. Further, we tested direct interactions between inner and outer photoreceptors using selective recovery of activity in photoreceptor pairs.

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