The Effects of Forced and Voluntary Diving on Ventilation, Blood Gases and pH in the Aquatic Amphibian, Xenopus Laevis

1. Pre- and post-dive breathing patterns, blood oxygenation and acid-base balance have been examined in voluntarily and forcibly submerged Xenopus laevis. 2. Enforced 30-min dives led to a large acidosis with both respiratory (CO2) and metabolic (lactic acid) components. Complete recovery of the arterial blood variables after such dives took more than 4h. 3. Lung ventilation (measured by a pneumotachograph) following enforced dives was always markedly elevated compared with levels either before or after voluntary dives of the same duration. 4. In undisturbed Xenopus, diving freely for periods of 30 min or more, there was no accumulation of lactic acid and the fall in blood oxygen, increase in CO2 and the associated respiratory acidosis were all corrected within the first few breaths upon surfacing. 5. The evidence presented here leads us to conclude that anaerobiosis is unimportant during voluntary dives, even when these are of considerable duration.

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DIGITALIS TOLERANCE IN YOUNG PUPPIES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.46.5.730 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 730-736

Author(s):

Katherine H. Halloran ◽

Steven C. Schimpff ◽

Jean G. Nicolas ◽

Norman S. Talner

Keyword(s):

Blood Gases ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Littermate Control ◽

Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽

Toxic Dose ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Wide Range ◽

Base Balance ◽

The Mean

Tolerance to acetyl strophanthidin, a rapid-acting cardiac aglycone, was determined in 28 anesthetized mongrel puppies, ages 16 to 56 days, and compared to tolerance in 16 littermate puppies in whom acute hypercapnic acidemia was produced. The tolerance was also compared to that of four adult mongrel dogs. The toxic dose was defined as the intravenous amount required to produce four consecutive premature ventricular contractions. A marked variation in the toxic dose was found in the 28 control puppies (range 83 to 353 µg/kg, mean 169 µg/kg) which could not be correlated with age, arterial blood gases or pH, serum potassium or sodium, arterial pressure, or heart rate. The toxic dose was significantly greater in the puppies than in the adult dogs, in whom the mean toxic dose was 64 µg/kg (range 50 to 89 µg/kg). A significant increase in tolerance was also observed in the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia (mean toxic dose 220 µg/kg, range 93 to 375 µg/kg) in comparison to tolerance in the control puppies and despite the wide range of tolerance, each of the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia showed greater tolerance than its littermate control puppy. Assessment of the clinical implications of these findings will require study of the effects of alterations in acid-base balance on the inotropic effect of acetyl strophanthidin in addition to the toxic electrophysiologic effects.

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Effects of temperature on acid-base balance and ventilation in desert iguanas

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.452 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 452-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. E. Bickler

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Lung Ventilation ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Arterial Ph ◽

Blood Relative ◽

Base Balance ◽

History Of

The effects of constant and changing temperatures on blood acid-base status and pulmonary ventilation were studied in the eurythermal lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Constant temperatures between 18 and 42 degrees C maintained for 24 h or more produced arterial pH changes of -0.0145 U X degrees C-1. Arterial CO2 tension (PCO2) increased from 9.9 to 32 Torr plasma [HCO-3] and total CO2 contents remained constant at near 19 and 22 mM, respectively. Under constant temperature conditions, ventilation-gas exchange ratios (VE/MCO2 and VE/MO2) were inversely related to temperature and can adequately explain the changes in arterial PCO2 and pH. During warming and cooling between 25 and 42 degrees C arterial pH, PCO2 [HCO-3], and respiratory exchange ratios (MCO2/MO2) were similar to steady-state values. Warming and cooling each took about 2 h. During the temperature changes, rapid changes in lung ventilation following steady-state patterns were seen. Blood relative alkalinity changed slightly with steady-state or changing body temperatures, whereas calculated charge on protein histidine imidazole was closely conserved. Cooling to 17-18 degrees C resulted in a transient respiratory acidosis correlated with a decline in the ratio VE/MCO2. After 12-24 h at 17-18 degrees C, pH, PCO2, and VE returned to steady-state values. The importance of thermal history of patterns of acid-base regulation in reptiles is discussed.

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April 2021 Critical Care Case of the Month: Abnormal Acid-Base Balance in a Post-Partum Woman

Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care ◽

10.13175/swjpcc007-21 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 81-85

Author(s):

Mohammad Mahmoud ◽

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Post Partum ◽

Healthy Woman ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Physical Exam ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Base Balance

No abstract available. Article truncated after first page. History of Present Illness: A 29-year-old healthy woman, who is 8 weeks postpartum, presented to the emergency department with severe shortness of breath, fast shallow breathing, nausea, several episodes of nonbloody nonbilious emesis, abdominal pain and malaise for 1 week. The patient delivered a healthy boy at full-term by spontaneous vaginal delivery. Her pregnancy was uneventful. She denied smoking or use of alcohol. Physical Exam: On presentation to the emergency department her blood pressure was found to be 121/71, temperature 36.8°C, pulse 110 beats per minute, respiratory rate 20 breaths per minute and SpO2 saturation of 99% while breathing ambient air. Physical exam was remarkable except for dry mucous membranes, sinus tachycardia, and tachypnea with mild epigastric tenderness with light palpation. Which of the following should be done? 1. Complete blood count (CBC) 2. Metabolic panel 3. Chest x-ray 4. Arterial blood gases (ABGs) 5. All of the above …

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The effects of enforced activity on ventilation, circulation and blood acid-base balance in the aquatic gill-less urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis; a comparison with the semi-terrestrial anuran, Bufo marinus

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.84.1.289 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 289-302

Author(s):

R. G. Boutilier ◽

D. G. McDonald ◽

D. P. Toews

Keyword(s):

Recovery Period ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Bufo Marinus ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis ◽

Base Balance ◽

Lower Magnitude

A combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurs in the arterial blood immediately following 30 min of strenuous activity in the predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and in the bimodal-breathing anuran, Bufo marinus, at 25 degrees C. In Bufo, the bulk of the post-exercise acidosis is metabolic in origin (principally lactic acid) and recovery is complete within 4-8 h. In the salamander, a lower magnitude, longer duration, metabolic acid component and a more pronounced respiratory acidosis prolong the recovery period for up to 22 h post-exercise. It is suggested that fundamental differences between the dominant sites for gas exchange (pulmonary versus cutaneous), and thus in the control of respiratory acid-base balance, may underline the dissimilar patterns of recovery from exercise in these two species.

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The Effects of Transthoracic Endoscopic Sympathectomy on the Hemodynamics and Arterial Blood Gases during One - Lung Ventilation

Korean Journal of Anesthesiology ◽

10.4097/kjae.1993.26.4.695 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 695

Author(s):

Jin Su Kim ◽

Jin Ok Kim ◽

Yong Taek Nam

Keyword(s):

Blood Gases ◽

Lung Ventilation ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

One Lung Ventilation ◽

Arterial Blood

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Acidosis in the Intensive Care Unit

Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573398x15666181127141410 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 79-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yamely Mendez ◽

Francisco E. Ochoa-Martinez ◽

Tatiana Ambrosii

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care Unit ◽

Intensive Care ◽

Clinical Skills ◽

Laboratory Data ◽

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Hospital Length ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Arterial Blood

Chronic obstructive lung disease is a common and preventable disease. One of its pathophysiological consequences is the presence of carbon dioxide retention due to hypoventilation and ventilation/perfusion mismatch, which in consequence will cause a decrease in the acid/base status of the patient. Whenever a patient develops an acute exacerbation, acute respiratory hypercapnic failure will appear and the necessity of a hospital ward is a must. However, current guidelines exist to better identify these patients and make an accurate diagnosis by using clinical skills and laboratory data such as arterial blood gases. Once the patient is identified, rapid treatment will help to diminish the hospital length and the avoidance of intensive care unit. On the other hand, if there is the existence of comorbidities such as cardiac failure, gastroesophageal reflux disease, pulmonary embolism or depression, it is likely that the patient will be admitted to the intensive care unit with the requirement of intubation and mechanical ventilation.

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Changes in blood gases and acid-base balance in the exercising dog

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1962.17.4.656 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 656-660 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ronald L. Wathen ◽

Howard H. Rostorfer ◽

Sid Robinson ◽

Jerry L. Newton ◽

Michael D. Bailie

Keyword(s):

Venous Blood ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Respiratory Alkalosis ◽

Hydrogen Ion ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Mixed Venous Blood ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Mixed Venous

Effects of varying rates of treadmill work on blood gases and hydrogen ion concentrations of four healthy young dogs were determined by analyses of blood for O2 and CO2 contents, Po2, Pco2, and pH. Changes in these parameters were also observed during 30-min recovery periods from hard work. Arterial and mixed venous blood samples were obtained simultaneously during work through a polyethylene catheter in the right ventricle and an indwelling needle in an exteriorized carotid artery. Mixed venous O2 content, Po2 and O2 saturation fell with increased work, whereas arterial values showed little or no change. Mixed venous CO2 content, Pco2, and hydrogen ion concentration exhibited little change from resting levels in two dogs but increased significantly in two others during exercise. These values always decreased in the arterial blood during exercise, indicating the presence of respiratory alkalosis. On cessation of exercise, hyperventilation increased the degree of respiratory alkalosis, causing it to be reflected on the venous side of the circulation. Submitted on January 8, 1962

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Anesthetic effects on liver and muscle glycogen concentrations: rest and postexercise

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2895 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 2895-2900 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

T. I. Musch ◽

B. S. Warfel ◽

R. L. Moore ◽

D. R. Larach

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Acid Base ◽

Arterial Lactate ◽

Arterial Pco2 ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Acid Base Status ◽

Gastrocnemius Muscles

We compared the effects of three different anesthetics (halothane, ketamine-xylazine, and diethyl ether) on arterial blood gases, acid-base status, and tissue glycogen concentrations in rats subjected to 20 min of rest or treadmill exercise (10% grade, 28 m/min). Results demonstrated that exercise produced significant increases in arterial lactate concentrations along with reductions in arterial Pco2 (PaCO2) and bicarbonate concentrations in all rats compared with resting values. Furthermore, exercise produced significant reductions in the glycogen concentrations in the liver and soleus and plantaris muscles, whereas the glycogen concentrations found in the diaphragm and white gastrocnemius muscles were similar to those found at rest. Rats that received halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia demonstrated an increase in Paco2 and a respiratory acidosis compared with rats that received either anesthesia. These differences in arterial blood gases and acid-base status did not appear to have any effect on tissue glycogen concentrations, because the glycogen contents found in liver and different skeletal muscles were similar to one another cross all three anesthetic groups. These data suggest that even though halothane and ketamine-xylazine anesthesia will produce a significant amount of ventilatory depression in the rat, both anesthetics may be used in studies where changes in tissue glycogen concentrations are being measured and where adequate general anesthesia is required.

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