Body density and diving gas volume of the northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus)

Objective:To compare estimates of body density (Db) from air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) with measured and predicted thoracic-gas-volume (TGV) measurements and those from hydrodensitometry (HD) in children.Methods:Seventeen participants (13 male and 4 female; 10.1 ± 2.20 yr, 42.0 ± 15.03 kg, 145.6 ± 17.41 cm, 30.0 ± 8.66 kg/m2) were tested using ADP and HD, with ADP always preceding HD. Db estimates were compared between ADP with measured TGV, ADP with predicted TGV, and the reference measure, HD. Regression analyses were used to assess the accuracy of the ADP methods, and potential bias between the ADP procedures and HD were evaluated using Bland–Altman analyses. The cross-validation criteria described by Lohman for estimating Db relative to HD were used to interpret the results of the study.Results:A significant difference was found between Db estimates from ADP with measured TGV (1.0453 ± 0.01934 g/cm3) and ADP with predicted TGV (1.0415 ± 0.01858 g/cm3); however, neither was significantly different from Db obtained by the reference HD procedure (1.0417 ± 0.02391 g/cm3). For both ADP procedures, regression analyses produced an r = .737–.738, r2 = .543−.544, and SEE = 0.02 g/cm3, and the regression lines deviated significantly from the line of identity; however, no significant biases were indicated.Conclusions:Despite no significant mean differences between Db estimates from the ADP procedures and HD, more cross-validation research is needed before recommending the BOD POD for routine use with children in clinical and research settings.

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Intraindividual Variability in Test-Retest Air Displacement Plethysmography Measurements of Body Density for Men and Women

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0172 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 404-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ann L. Gibson ◽

Jenevieve L. Roper ◽

Christine M. Mermier

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Body Volume ◽

Body Density ◽

Single Session ◽

Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽

Thoracic Gas Volume ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Gas Volume ◽

Multicomponent Model

Air displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a popular method for estimating body density (Db). Most ADP tests are performed once, with test-retest investigations scarce. Therefore, we investigated test-retest reliability of ADP. Active men (n = 25) and women (n = 25) volunteered and followed standard pretest guidelines. Participants wore dry, form-fitting swimwear and manufacturer-supplied swim caps. In a single session, two ADP trials with measured thoracic gas volume (TGV) were performed without repositioning participants. Separate 2 (sex) × 2 (ADP trial) repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed to investigate within-between comparisons of Db, TGV, body volume (Vb), and relative fatness (%BF). Paired t tests were used to investigate significant differences as appropriate. The Bland and Altman technique was used to depict individual intertrial variations. For all analyses, α =.05. A significant main effect for sex was found; men were lower in %BF and higher in all other variables compared with women. Individual variability was notable (ADP1–ADP2). The range of individual intertrial differences were larger for women than men, respectively, for Db (-0.0096–0.0045 g/cc; -0.0019–0.0054 g/cc), TGV (-0.623–1.325 L; -0.584–0.378 L), Vb (-0.249–2.10 L; -0.234–0.397 L), and %BF (-2.1–4.4%; -0.2–0.9%). When assessing body composition of women via ADP or using Db from ADP in a multicomponent model, at least two trials with measured TGV should be performed and the average of the values recorded and reported.

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First Confirmed Record of Northern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) in Madeira Archipelago, Northeast Atlantic

Aquatic Mammals ◽

10.1578/am.43.5.2017.474 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 474-478 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rita Ferreira ◽

Filipe Alves ◽

Claudia Gomes ◽

Daniel Jardim ◽

Judith Kok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Northeast Atlantic ◽

Madeira Archipelago ◽

Hyperoodon Ampullatus

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Mass transfer coefficients associated with the mixing of a confined gas volume by the random motion of loose spheres

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer ◽

10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.02.014 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 49 (17-18) ◽

pp. 2931-2938 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Herek L. Clack ◽

Aamer A. Mohammed

Keyword(s):

Mass Transfer ◽

Random Motion ◽

Transfer Coefficients ◽

Mass Transfer Coefficients ◽

Gas Volume

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Dynamic Processes During Pulsed Gas Injection Into Liquid Column

Volume 3: Thermal-Hydraulics ◽

10.1115/icone24-60615 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

P. D. Lobanov ◽

O. N. Kashinsky ◽

A. S. Kurdyumov ◽

N. A. Pribaturin

Keyword(s):

Liquid Metal ◽

Gas Phase ◽

Gas Injection ◽

High Amplitude ◽

Metal Alloy ◽

Dynamic Processes ◽

Flow Parameters ◽

Liquid Metal Alloy ◽

Inner Diameter ◽

Gas Volume

An experimental study of dynamic processes during pulsed gas injection into quiescent liquids was performed. Both water and low melting temperature metal alloy were used as test liquids. Air and argon were used as gas phase. The test sections were vertical cylindrical columns 25 and 68 mm inner diameter. Measurements of flow parameters during gas injection were performed. Water – air experiments were performed at room temperature, the temperature of liquid metal alloy was 135 deg C. Time records of pressure in the liquid and in gas phase above the liquid were obtained. Measurements of liquid temperature and level of liquid surface were performed. It was shown that at pulse gas injection into liquid metal high amplitude pressure fluctuation may arise. Also the fluctuation variation of the free surface of the liquid may appear which are connected with the oscillations of the gas volume. Experimental data obtained may be used for verification & validation of modern CFD codes.

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Dispersion without Many-Body Density Distortion: Assessment on Atoms and Small Molecules

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation ◽

10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 2283-2293

Author(s):

Derk P. Kooi ◽

Timo Weckman ◽

Paola Gori-Giorgi

Keyword(s):

Small Molecules ◽

Body Density ◽

Many Body

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A Pneumatic Generator Based on Gas-Liquid Reversible Transition for Soft Robots

Actuators ◽

10.3390/act10050103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 103

Author(s):

Guolong Zhang ◽

Guilin Yang ◽

Yimin Deng ◽

Tianjiang Zheng ◽

Zaojun Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smart Materials ◽

Load Capacity ◽

Angular Displacement ◽

Quadratic Function ◽

Air Cooling ◽

Soft Robots ◽

Reversible Transformation ◽

Exponential Term ◽

Reversible Transition ◽

Gas Volume

The soft robots actuated by pressure, cables, thermal, electrosorption, combustion and smart materials are usually faced with the problems of poor portability, noise, weak load capacity, small deformation and high driving voltages. In this paper, a novel pneumatic generator for soft robots based on the gas-liquid reversible transition is proposed, which has the advantages of large output force, easy deformation, strong load capacity and high flexibility. The pressure of the pneumatic generator surges or drops flexibly through the reversible transformation between liquid and gas phase, making the soft actuator stretch or contract regularly, without external motors, compressors and pressure-regulating components. The gas-liquid reversible-transition actuation process is modeled to analyze its working mechanism and characteristics. The pressure during the pressurization stage increases linearly with a rate regulated by the heating power and gas volume. It decreases exponentially with the exponential term as a quadratic function of time at the fast depressurization stage, while with the exponential term as a linear function of time at the slow depressurization stage. The drop rate can be adjusted by changing the gas volume and cooling conditions. Furthermore, effectiveness has been verified through experiments of the prototype. The pressure reaches 25 bar with a rising rate of +3.935 bar/s when 5 mL weak electrolyte solution is heated at 800 W, and the maximum depressurization rate in air cooling is –3.796 bar/s. The soft finger actuated by the pneumatic generator can bend with an angular displacement of 67.5°. The proposed pneumatic generator shows great potential to be used for the structure, driving and sensing integration of artificial muscles.

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Variation Characteristics and Transportation of Aerosol, NO2, SO2, and HCHO in Coastal Cities of Eastern China: Dalian, Qingdao, and Shanghai

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13050892 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 892

Author(s):

Xiaomei Li ◽

Pinhua Xie ◽

Ang Li ◽

Jin Xu ◽

Zhaokun Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eastern China ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Near Surface ◽

Mixing Ratios ◽

Variation Characteristics ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Gas Volume ◽

Transport Flux

This paper studied the method for converting the aerosol extinction to the mass concentration of particulate matter (PM) and obtained the spatio-temporal distribution and transportation of aerosol, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and formaldehyde (HCHO) based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Dalian (38.85°N, 121.36°E), Qingdao (36.35°N, 120.69°E), and Shanghai (31.60°N, 121.80°E) from 2019 to 2020. The PM2.5 measured by the in situ instrument and the PM2.5 simulated by the conversion formula showed a good correlation. The correlation coefficients R were 0.93 (Dalian), 0.90 (Qingdao), and 0.88 (Shanghai). A regular seasonality of the three trace gases is found, but not for aerosols. Considerable amplitudes in the weekly cycles were determined for NO2 and aerosols, but not for SO2 and HCHO. The aerosol profiles were nearly Gaussian, and the shapes of the trace gas profiles were nearly exponential, except for SO2 in Shanghai and HCHO in Qingdao. PM2.5 presented the largest transport flux, followed by NO2 and SO2. The main transport flux was the output flux from inland to sea in spring and winter. The MAX-DOAS and the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) models’ results were compared. The overestimation of NO2 and SO2 by CAMS is due to its overestimation of near-surface gas volume mixing ratios.

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Proposal of a stage-by-stage design method and its application on a multi-stage multiphase pump based on numerical simulations

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814020987317 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 168781402098731

Author(s):

Yi Shi ◽

Hongwu Zhu

Keyword(s):

Volume Fraction ◽

Design Method ◽

Oil Field ◽

Stage Design ◽

Multiphase Pump ◽

Flow Parameters ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Comparison Results ◽

Third Stage ◽

Gas Volume

Rotodynamic multiphase pumps are usually equipped with many compression units to provide sufficient boosting pressure for the transportation of production fluid in gas oil field. It is a challenge to maintain pump performance while flow parameters in each stage vary due to the compressibility of gas-liquid phase. In this article, a stage-by-stage design method is proposed to improve the boosting capability of a multiphase pump. Variations of flow parameters in each stage are investigated based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation. Available methods to determinate main impeller geometry parameters of impeller are discussed. The stage-by-stage design method is applied on a five-stage multiphase pump when the inlet gas volume fraction (GVF) are 30% and 50% separately. The second stage is modified base on its corresponding inlet flow parameters when inlet GVF is 30% while the second and third stage are modified when inlet GVF is 50%. Flow parameters, pressure distribution and velocity distribution are compared between the original pump and modified pump. Differential pressure of the modified pump increases by 53.72 kPa and 58.57 kPa respectively when inlet GVFs are 30% and 50%. The feasibility of the stage-by-stage design method is verified through the comparison results.

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