A Malpighian Tubule Lime Gland in an Insect Inhabiting Alkaline Salt Lakes

1989 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID B. HERBST ◽  
TIMOTHY J. BRADLEY
Keyword(s):  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Salt Lakes ◽  
Alkaline Salt ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Posterior Pair ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Scanning Electron

The alkali fly, Ephydra hians Say, inhabits alkaline salt lakes which can contain concentrations of dissolved carbonate and bicarbonate as high as 500 mmol l−1. Larvae of the alkali fly possess two pairs of Malpighian tubules. The posterior pair has a morphology similar to that of the tubules of most other insects, but the anterior pair is modified into an enlarged gland containing white microsphere concretions. We describe the ultrastructure of all cell types in both pairs of tubules. Using scanning electron microscope (SEM) X-ray microanalysis and chemical CO2 quantification, we demonstrate that the concretions in the lime glands are composed of nearly pure calcium carbonate. Isolated preparations of lime gland tubules accumulate 45Ca significantly more rapidly than do normal tubules. Although similar to the rime concretions found in the Malpighian tubules of other Diptera, the lime glands of this insect may function to regulate the high concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate encountered in their aquatic environment. It is proposed that the mechanism of this regulation may be chemical precipitation of carbonate/bicarbonate with calcium in the lumen of these specialized lime gland tubules.

Fine Structure of the Malpighian Tubules of the Mosquito, Culex pipiens

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 402-403
Author(s):  
Brendan Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Culex Pipiens ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Calliphora Erythrocephala ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Basal Plasma

An ultrastructural investigation of the Malpighian tubules of the fourth instar larva of Culex pipiens was undertaken as part of a continuing study of the fine structure of transport epithelia.Each of the five Malpighian tubules was found to be morphologically identical and regionally undifferentiated. Two distinct cell types, the primary and stellate, were found intermingled along the length of each tubule. The ultrastructure of the stellate cell was previously described in the Malpighian tubule of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala by Berridge and Oschman.The basal plasma membrane of the primary cell is extremely irregular, giving rise to a complex interconnecting network of basal channels. The compartments of cytoplasm entrapped within this system of basal infoldings contain mitochondria, free ribosomes, and small amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria are distinctive in that the cristae run parallel to the long axis of the organelle.

scholarly journals A Preliminary Report on the Use of Bench-Top X-Ray Micro-Computerised Tomography to Study the Malpighian Tubules of the Overwintering Seven Spotted LadybirdCoccinella septempunctataL. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Bell ◽  
Lewis Woolnough ◽  
David Mortimore ◽  
Nick Corps ◽  
Diana M. Hudson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coccinella Septempunctata ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Computerised Tomography ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Very High ◽  
Metallic Pollutants

The application of micro-CT scanning techniques on a small sample of “Seven-spot ladybirds”Coccinella septempunctata,collected in December 2009, identified an accumulation of material with a very high, relative X-ray attenuation value in the malpighian tubules of most but not all of the individuals sampled. The passage of metals such as cadmium in soil through a food chain to finally accumulate in high concentrations in ladybirds and lacewings has been previously reported. The identification of the dense material found in our sample of ladybirds, its origin, and the process by which it accumulates in, and is processed by, the malpighian tubules is the challenge ahead. The authors speculate that a straightforward means of monitoring levels of metallic pollutants in the environment might emerge.

A study of the Malpighian tubules of the plecopteran nymph Paragnetina media (Walker) (Plecoptera: Perlidae) by light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1566-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Kapoor
Keyword(s):  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Stellate Cells ◽  
Basal Membrane ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Distal Segment ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Primary Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Total Cell Population ◽  
Paragnetina Media

The present study concerns the structural details of the Malpighian tubules in the nymph of the stonefly Paragnetina media. There is no external segmentation except for a distal short hyaline segment. The tubules are composed of two cell types: primary and stellate. Primary cells in the proximal and middle portions of the tubule have short infoldings of the basal membrane and the cytosol is packed with laminate spheres. Cells of the distal segment possess long and tightly packed membrane folds but are devoid of laminate spheres. The stellate cells are sparsely distributed in the middle region and make up 12% of the total cell population in the Malpighian tubule; they lack laminate spheres. Long processes of the stellate cells extend between adjacent primary cells to the luminal and outer surfaces of the tubule.

scholarly journals A cell atlas of the fly kidney

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xu ◽  
Yifang Liu ◽  
Hongjie Li ◽  
Alexander J. Tarashansky ◽  
Colin H. Kalicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Cell ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Renal Stem Cells

Like humans, insects rely on precise regulation of their internal environments to survive. The insect renal system consists of Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes that share similarities to the mammalian kidney. Studies of the Drosophila Malpighian tubules and nephrocytes have provided many insights into our understanding of the excretion of waste products, stem cell regeneration, protein reabsorption, and as human kidney disease models. Here, we analyzed single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data sets to characterize the cell types of the adult fly kidney. We identified 11 distinct clusters representing renal stem cells (RSCs), stellate cells (SCs), regionally specific principal cells (PCs), garland nephrocyte cells (GCs) and pericardial nephrocytes (PNs). Analyses of these clusters revealed many new interesting features. For example, we found a new, previously unrecognized cell cluster: lower segment PCs that express Esyt2. In addition, we find that the SC marker genes RhoGEF64c, Frq2, Prip and CG10939 regulate their unusual cell shape. Further, we identified transcription factors specific to each cluster and built a network of signaling pathways that are potentially involved in mediating cell-cell communication between Malpighian tubule cell types. Finally, cross-species analysis allowed us to match the fly kidney cell types to mouse kidney cell types and planarian protonephridia - knowledge that will help the generation of kidney disease models. To visualize this dataset, we provide a web-based resource for gene expression in single cells (https://www.flyrnai.org/scRNA/kidney/). Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive resource for addressing gene function in the fly kidney and future disease studies.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perbandingan Mol Awal Titanium dan Perak terhadap Sifat-Sifat Fisika-Kimia TiO2-tersensitifkan AgCl

2017 ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Isnaya Khamida Zulfah ◽  
Hari Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Comparison ◽  
Scanning Electron

Titanium dioksida (TiO2)merupakan semikonduktor yang memiliki fungsi sebagai fotokatalis, sel surya, anti bakteri, anti polutan, dan anti buram. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan aktifitas fungsional  TiO2dengan menggeser daerah aktifitas atau energi celah pita (Eg) dari sinar ultra violet (UV) ke daerah sinar tampak melalui penambahan zat pensensitif TiO2.Pada penelitian ini, perak klorida (AgCl) digunakan sebagai zat pensensitif TiO2. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi perbandingan mol awal [Ti8O12(H2O)24]8.Cl8.HCl.7H2O dengan AgNO3 terhadap sifat-sifat fisik TiO2 tersensitifkan AgCl (TiO2@AgCl) yang disintesis dengan metode pengendapan basah dalam suasana asam. Variasi perbandingan awal yang digunakan yaitu perbandingan mol [Ti8O12(H2O)24]8.Cl8.HCl.7H2O :mol AgNO3sebesar 1:9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, dan 1:13yang dilarutkan dalam pelarut etanol (total pelarut 37.5 mL). Sampel padat TiO2@AgCl dihasilkan dengan metode pengendapan basah dalam kondisi asam melalui pengontrolan asam HNO3 pada pH~1. Sampel dihasilkan dari penguapan filtrat yang  bebas dari endapan AgCl, hingga volume yang didapat setengah dari volume awal. Sampel TiO2@AgCl dikarakterisasi dengan berbagai instrumen: Difraktometer Sinar-X (XRD),Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (SEM-EDAX), dan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua sampel TiO2@AgCl berisi 1 fasa nanopartikel (nanokristalit) TiO2 dan 3 fasa kristal yaitu rutil, anatas, dan AgCl.TiO2@AgCl memiliki bentuk morfologi berupa mikrosferik dengan ukuran berkisar 0.5-1 μm. Berdasarkan hasil analisisdengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance menunjukkan semua sampel TiO2@AgCl mengabsorbsi sinar ultra violet (UV) dengan Eg sebesar 2.87-3.89 eV, dan sinar tampak dengan Eg sebesar 1.60-2.40 eV. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a semiconductor that can be applied in the field of photocatalyst, solar cell, anti-bacterial, anti-pollutants, and anti-fogging. The functional activity of TiO2 can be increased by shifting the activity area from ultraviolet (UV) to visible through the addition of sensitizer. In this research, silver chloride (AgCl) was used as a sensitizer The objective of the research is to study the effect of the initial mole comparison of [Ti8O12(H2O)24]8.Cl8.HCl.7H2O and AgNO3on the physical properties of AgCl-sensitized TiO2(TiO2@AgCl). All TiO2@AgCl were synthesized using the wet chemical precipitation method under acidic conditions by the addition of a concentrated HNO3 with pH ~ 1. The initial comparison variation used was the mole ratio of [Ti8O12(H2O)24]8.Cl8.HCl.7H2O  : AgNO3 of 1: 9, 1:10, 1:11, 1:12, and 1:13. Each of these materials was dissolved in ethanol to 37.5 ml. All samples were produced from evaporation of filtrate free from AgCl precipitate, until the volume obtained half of the initial volume. The solid samples were characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Electron Dispersive X-Ray Analyzer (SEM-EDAX), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer Diffuse Reflectance.The results showed that all samples of TiO2@AgCl consisted of 1 phase of TiO2-nanoparticles and 3 phases of rutile, anatase and AgCl crystals. The morphology of TiO2@AgCl is microspheric with a size ranging from 0.5-1 μm. Based on the results of the analysis with the UV-Vis spectrophotometer Diffuse Reflectance showed that all samples of TiO2@AgCl absorb ultraviolet (UV) rays with bandgap (Eg) ranging from 2.87 to 3.89 eV, and the visible light with Eg ranges from 1.60 to 2.40 eV.

scholarly journals Structural and Optical Investigations of Heterostructures Based on AlxGa1-xAsyP1-y:Si Solid Solutions Obtained by MOCVD

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Seredin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Solid Solutions ◽  
Epitaxial Films ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Epitaxial Heterostructures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Scanning Electron

We investigated MOCVD epitaxial heterostructures based on AlxGa1−xAs ternary solid solutions, obtained in the range of compositions x~0.20–0.50 and doped with high concentrations of phosphorus and silicon atoms. Using the methods of high-resolution X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy we have shown that grown epitaxial films represent five-component (AlxGa1−xAs1−yPy)1−zSiz solid solutions. The implementation of silicon in solid solution with a concentration of ~ 0.01 at.% leads to the formation of the structure with deep levels, DX centers, the occurrence of which fundamentally affects the energy characteristics of received materials.

Localization of endogenous and recombinant Na+-driven anion exchanger protein NDAE1 fromDrosophila melanogaster

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. C449-C463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Sciortino ◽  
Lamara D. Shrode ◽  
Bonnie R. Fletcher ◽  
Peter J. Harte ◽  
Michael F. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Malpighian Tubule ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Vertebrate Cell ◽  
Exchange Activity

Na+-dependent Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text]exchange activity helps maintain intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis in many invertebrate and vertebrate cell types. Our laboratory cloned and characterized a Na+-dependent Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] exchanger (NDAE1) from Drosophila melanogaster (Romero MF, Henry D, Nelson S, Harte PJ, and Sciortino CM. J Biol Chem 275: 24552–24559, 2000). In the present study we used immunohistochemical and Western blot techniques to characterize the developmental expression, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution of NDAE1 protein in D. melanogaster. We have shown that a polyclonal antibody raised against the NH2terminus of NDAE1 (αCWR57) recognizes NDAE1 electrophysiologically characterized in Xenopus oocytes. Moreover, our results begin to delineate the NDAE1 topology, i.e., both the NH2and COOH termini are intracellular. NDAE1 is expressed throughout Drosophila development in the central and peripheral nervous systems, sensilla, and the alimentary tract (Malpighian tubules, gut, and salivary glands). Coimmunolabeling of larval tissues with NDAE1 antibody and a monoclonal antibody to the Na+-K+-ATPase α-subunit revealed that the majority of NDAE1 is located at the basolateral membranes of Malpighian tubule cells. These results suggest that NDAE1 may be a key pHi regulatory protein and may contribute to basolateral ion transport in epithelia and nervous system of Drosophila.

scholarly journals Development of Composite Scaffolds Based on Cerium Doped-Hydroxyapatite and Natural Gums—Biological and Mechanical Properties

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 2389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Beserra dos Santos ◽  
Lorenna Bastos Nogueira Rocha ◽  
Ewerton Gomes Vieira ◽  
Ana Leite Oliveira ◽  
Anderson Oliveira Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Mechanical Test ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Composite Scaffolds ◽  
Cashew Gum ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a ceramic material composing the inorganic portion of bones. Ionic substitutions enhance characteristics of HAp, for example, calcium ions (Ca2+) by cerium ions (Ce3+). The use of HAp is potentialized through biopolymers, cashew gum (CG), and gellan gum (GG), since CG/GG is structuring agents in the modeling of structured biocomposites, scaffolds. Ce-HApCG biocomposite was synthesized using a chemical precipitation method. The obtained material was frozen (–20 °C for 24 h), and then vacuum dried for 24 h. The Ce-HApCG was characterized by X-Ray diffractograms (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD and FTIR showed that Ce-HApCG was successfully synthesized. XRD showed characteristic peaks at 2θ = 25.87 and 32.05, corresponding to the crystalline planes (0 0 2) and (2 1 1), respectively, while phosphate bands were present at 1050 cm−1 and 1098 cm−1, indicating the success of composite synthesis. FESEM showed pores and incorporated nanostructured granules of Ce-HApCG. The mechanical test identified that Ce-HApCG has a compressive strength similar to the cancellous bone’s strength and some allografts used in surgical procedures. In vitro tests (MTT assay and hemolysis) showed that scaffold was non-toxic and exhibited low hemolytic activity. Thus, the Ce-HApCG has potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Morphological and physicochemical diversity of snow algae from Alaska

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta J. Fiołka ◽  
Nozomu Takeuchi ◽  
Weronika Sofińska-Chmiel ◽  
Sylwia Mieszawska ◽  
Izabela Treska
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Excitation Light ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
Snow Algae ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Snow algae are photosynthetic microbes growing in thawing snow. They usually show various morphological cell types. The aim of this study was to carry out microscopic and spectroscopic analysis of different forms of cells of snow algae collected on glaciers in Alaska. Four different shapes of algal cells were observed with the use of bright field LM (Light Microscopy), DIC (Differential Interference Contrast), EDF (Extended Depth Focus), fluorescence microscopy, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The cells exhibited the strongest autofluorescence after the exposure to 365-nm excitation light, and the intensity differed among the cell types. Zygotes (cysts) showed the most intense fluorescence. Acridine orange staining revealed the acid nature of the algal cells. The use of Congo red and Calcofluor white fluorochromes indicated differences in the structure of polysaccharides in the cell wall in the individual types of algal cells. FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analyses showed the presence of polysaccharides not only in the algal cells but also in the fixative solution. The presence of polysaccharides in the extracellular algal fraction was confirmed by X-ray dispersion spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy imaging (SEM). The differences observed in the structure of the cell wall of the different forms of red snow algae prompt further analysis of this structure.

Electron microprobe analysis of the distribution of silicon in the leaves of Selaginella emmeliana

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (23) ◽  
pp. 2459-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy G. Dengler ◽  
Eric Y-C. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Abaxial Side ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tangential Wall ◽  
Scanning Electron

Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis of the ventral leaves of Selaginella emmeliana demonstrated high levels of silicon in the marginal sclereids and about one-half the abaxial epidermal cells. Although both of these cell types bear rows of knobs or warts on the outer tangential wall, the X-ray spectra indicate that silicon is distributed throughout the wall and that it is not concentrated in these projections. In S. emmeliana, stomata are confined to a band of low silicon cells overlying the midrib on the abaxial side of the leaf. A small proportion of these stomata also contain high levels of silicon and are characterized by a constricted stomatal aperture. A preliminary survey of three other species of Selaginella indicates that accumulation of silicon in the leaf epidermis is characteristic for each.

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