Anchoring does not activate examples associated with the anchor value

In the standard anchoring paradigm, people first compare a selected attribute of a target to a numeric value—an anchor. A subsequent absolute judgment of the target's attribute value is biased in the direction of the anchor. A prominent theory of the anchoring effect, the selective accessibility model, argues that people make the initial comparison by focusing on similarities between the target and the anchor, which activates information compatible with the anchor value being the target value. This activated information biases the subsequent estimate of the target value. To test the selective activation of information, the present study asked people to provide an example of the target's category following its comparison with an anchor. The attribute values of the provided examples were not biased in the direction of the anchor. However, they were positively associated with estimates of the target value. The study thus provides evidence for the use of activated information in the absolute judgment in the standard anchoring paradigm, but it does not show the selective activation of information compatible with the anchor value predicted by the selective accessibility model.

Cerebral perfusion imaging: Hypoxia-induced deoxyhemoglobin or gadolinium?

Assessment of resting cerebrovascular perfusion measures (mean transit time, cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume) with magnetic resonance imaging currently requires the intravascular injection of the dynamic susceptibility contrast agent gadolinium. An initial comparison between hypoxia-induced deoxyhemoglobin and gadolinium was made for these measures in six healthy participants. A bolus of deoxyhemoglobin is generated in the lung via transient hypoxia induced by an available computer-controlled gas blender technology employing sequential gas delivery (RespirAct). We hypothesised and confirmed perfusion measures from both susceptibility contrast agents would yield similar spatial patterns of cerebrovascular perfusion measures. We conclude that hypoxia-induced deoxyhemoglobin, an endogenously, non-invasively generated, non-allergenic, non-toxic, recyclable, environmentally innocuous molecule, may be suitable to become the first new magnetic resonance imaging susceptibility contrast agent introduction since gadolinium.

Dynamics of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Tax Revenues of the Oil and Gas Regions of Western Siberia Budgets in the Period COVID-19

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Small and medium-sized enterprises have been significantly affected. Domestic measures of state support, including tax incentives, have become an important support factor. The corresponding Resolution provided for the expansion of opportunities to support the implementation of regional support measures. We found that the choice of a model of behavior by the regional authorities in our case depended on the level of favorable regional environment for the development of SMEs, as well as the level of diversification of regional production. We carried out an initial comparison of the consequences of the implementation of different support models in three similar regions and predicted the impact of the implemented regional support model on the future development of SMEs. The costs of the region for additional support measures, calculated as the lost budget income, in terms of one employee employed in medium and small businesses, turned out to be very insignificant. We draw a conclusion about the high economic and political efficiency of support measures associated with reducing the tax burden. It can be said that the regions that did not expand the support measures provided for by Resolution № 409 at the expense of the regional package missed the chance to convert small funds in support of the population.

Absorbed radiation and kinetic model in photocatalysis by TiO2

The current work studies a novel and affordable methodology to estimate and quantify the photon flux absorbed and the amount of light that leaves from an illuminated photocatalytic system with TiO2 suspended in water. To achieve it, a new parameter B F S λ w a t $BF{S}_{\lambda }^{wat}$ is defined and presented. It indicates, for every wavelength, the fraction of the incoming radiation which is not absorbed by the system. B F S λ w a t $BF{S}_{\lambda }^{wat}$ was estimated by means of actinometric experiments in a jacketed reactor and a model based on Beer–Lambert law. For wavelengths below 388 nm and TiO2 concentrations between 0.05 and 2 g L−1, experimental values of B F S λ w a t $BF{S}_{\lambda }^{wat}$ were between 0.77 and 0.27. In the second part of the work, a simple kinetic model, which breaks down the effect of incident radiation and kinetic constant, is developed. For this, the photon flux absorbed by TiO2, previously determined, was included in the model. This new model was tested in the photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol under different TiO2 concentrations. The kinetic model fits satisfactorily the experimental values and a new kinetic constant kʹ ap [mol·L−1 Einstein−1] was obtained, which is independent of the amount of catalyst loaded to the system. This achievement may be very useful for an easy initial comparison, design or scaling up of different photocatalytic reactors with similar geometry.

PEMETAAN VARIABEL-VARIABEL PEMBENTUK INDEKS DAYA SAING DAERAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE MICMAC

Indeks daya saing daerah sebagai pembentuk indeks daya saing nasional sangat penting untuk diketahui oleh banyak pihak. Hal ini karena melalui indeks daya saing daerah dapat diketahui dimensi dan varibel yang memerlukan perhatian lebih. Saat ini, pemetaan indeks daya saing daerah sudah dilakukan oleh Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi pada tahun 2019 dengan 4 kategori dan 12 varibel. Dari pemetaan tersebut menghasilkan kesimpulan dimensi yang paling berpengaruh yaitu ekosistem inovasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemetaan varibel-varibel yang mempengaruhi daya saing daerah dengan metode analisis MICMAC sebagai komparasi awal dari laporan yang sudah diterbitkan oleh Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa variabel kunci atau variabel penggerak yang menjadi pemicu daya saing daerah berkelanjutan yaitu terdiri dari dua variabel pada kategori faktor penguat, yaitu variabel kelembagaan dan infrastruktur; serta dua variabel pada kategori pasar yaitu variabel efisiensi pasar dan akses keuangan. ABSTRACT The regional competitiveness index, which forms the national competitiveness index, is significant to be recognized by many parties because the regional competitiveness index can identify dimensions and variables that require more attention. At present, the mapping of the regional competitiveness index was carried out by the Ministry of Research and Technology in 2019, resulting in 4 categories and 12 variables. This mapping concludes that the most influential dimension is the innovation ecosystem. This study aims to map the variables that affect regional competitiveness using the MICMAC analysis method as an initial comparison of the Ministry of Research and Technology reports. The results indicated that the key variables or driving variables that trigger sustainable regional competitiveness consist of two variables: the reinforcing factor category (institutional and infrastructure variables) and two variables in the market category (market efficiency and financial access variables).

Long term stability of dynamic reference systems for NO2 atmospheric monitoring

<p>The long-term monitoring of reactive gases, such as NO<sub>2</sub>, provides significant challenges for the development of gas standards that can demonstrate fit-for-purpose stability and accuracy.  Over the last fifteen years the BIPM’s primary gas facility for the dynamic production of mixtures of nitrogen dioxide in nitrogen, operating over the range (1 μmol/mol to 15 μmol/mol) has been shown to operate with a relative standards uncertainty of 0.4%. The system is based on continuous weighing of a permeation tube and on the accurate impurity quantification and correction of the gas mixtures using FT-IR.</p><p>The operation of the system has been demonstrated in two international comparisons organized by the CCQM Working Group on Gas Analysis (CCQM-GAWG), in 2009 and 2018, with the former demonstrating the requirement to correct for HNO<sub>3</sub> impurities in gas standards produced in cylinders, and the more recent, the potential for non-linear decay in NO<sub>2</sub> concentration in gas cylinder standards in the first 100 to 150 days following their production.</p><p>The CCQM-K74 (2009/2010) was organized, with all cylinders prepared by the one NMI (VSL) with the same surface treatment and characterized for stability and with reference values provided by the BIPM dynamic reference facility. The initial comparison identified small decay rates in the circulated standards, accounted for by the addition of an uncertainty to the reference value, and calculated to have been no more than 0.1 nmol/mol per day loss of NO<sub>2</sub>. However, the 2009 comparison did not examine standards maintained by individual participating institutes directly. The protocol of the CCQM-K74.2018 comparison, was modified so that the standards prepared by participating institutes (two per participant), were all directly measured at the BIPM against its dynamic reference facility. The modified protocol, although technically more challenging, has allowed the different decay rates in different cylinder preparations from different institutes to be identified, as well as the time dependence of these days rates.</p><p>The work has highlighted the challenges in NO<sub>2</sub> standard development, and that fit-for-purpose standards can be obtained following appropriate protocols. Further development of these protocols is the focus of a number of research programmes, for example  METNO2 and MetroPEMS projects within the EMPIR programmes. Further activities at the BIPM facility are focused on validating the performance of NO<sub>2</sub> dynamic reference systems below 1 μmol/mol and into the nmol/mol range, with the comparison of different dynamic reference systems, in support of future international comparisons and knowledge transfer activities.</p>

New and improved data from the Pandonia Global Network for satellite validation

<p>The worldwide operating Pandonia Global Network (PGN) is measuring atmospheric trace gases at high temporal resolution with the purpose of air quality monitoring and satellite validation. It is an activity carried out jointly by NASA and ESA as part of their “Joint Program Planning Group Subgroup” on calibration and validation and field activities, with additional collaboration from other institutions, most notably a strongly growing participation of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The more than 50 official PGN instruments are homogeneously calibrated and their data are centrally processed in real-time. Since 2019, total NO2 column amounts from the PGN are uploaded daily to the ESA Atmospheric Validation Data Centre (EVDC), where they are used for operational validation of Sentinel 5P (S5P) retrievals. During 2020, a new processor version 1.8 has been developed, which produces improved total NO2 column amounts and also the following new PGN products: total columns of O3, SO2 and HCHO based on direct sun observations and tropospheric columns, surface concentrations and tropospheric profiles of NO2 and HCHO based on sky observations. In this presentation we show some first examples of comparisons of the new PGN products with S5P data. Compared to the total NO2 columns from the previous processor version 1.7, the 1.8 data use better estimations for the effective NO2 temperature and the air mass factor. The effect of this improvement on the comparison with S5P retrievals is shown for some remote and high-altitude PGN sites. The new PGN total O3 column algorithm also retrieves the effective O3 temperature, which is a rather unique feature for ground-based direct sun retrievals. This allows us to analyze whether potential differences to satellite O3 columns might be influenced by the O3 temperature. Including the O3 temperature in the spectral fitting has also allowed the retrieval of accurate total SO2 columns. This PGN data product is of particular interest for satellite validation, as ground-based total SO2 column amounts are hardly measured by other instrumentation. An initial comparison of the PGN SO2 columns with S5P retrievals at selected PGN sites around the world is shown. PGN total HCHO columns from direct sun measurements are now possible for those PGN instruments, where the hardware parts made of Delrin, which outgasses HCHO, have been replaced by Nylon pieces. An initial comparison to HCHO retrievals from S5P is shown for locations with these upgraded instruments. Another new feature in the 1.8 PGN data is that they come with comprehensive uncertainty estimations, separated in the output files as independent, structured, common and total uncertainty.</p>

Shared Metabolic Remodeling Processes Characterize the Transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana within Various Suborbital Flight Environments

The increasing availability of flights on suborbital rockets creates new avenues for the study of spaceflight effects on biological systems, particularly of the transitions between hypergravity and microgravity. This paper presents an initial comparison of the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to suborbital and atmospheric parabolic flights as an important step toward characterizing these emerging suborbital platforms and their effects on biology. Transcriptomic profiling of the response of the Arabidopsis ecotype Wassilewskija (WS) to the aggregate suborbital spaceflight experiences in Blue Origin New Shepard and Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo revealed that the transcriptomic load induced by flight differed between the two flights, yet was biologically related to traditional parabolic flight responses. The sku5 skewing mutant and 14-3-3κ:GFP regulatory protein overexpression lines, flown in the Blue Origin and parabolic flights, respectively, each showed altered intra-platform responses compared to WS. An additional parabolic flight using the F-104 Starfighter showed that the response of 14-3-3κ:GFP to flight was modulated in a similar manner to the WS line. Despite the differing genotypes, experimental workflows, flight profiles, and platforms, differential gene expression linked to remodeling of central metabolic processes was commonly observed in the flight responses. However, the timing and directionality of differentially expressed genes involved in the conserved processes differed among the platforms. The processes included carbon and nitrogen metabolism, branched-chain amino acid degradation, and hypoxic responses. The data presented herein highlight the potential for various suborbital platforms to contribute insights into biological responses to spaceflight, and further suggest that in-flight fixation during suborbital experiments will enhance insights into responses during each phase of flight.