External Design and Field of View of the Compound Eyes in a Raptorial Neuropteran Insect, Mantispa Styriaca

1990 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. EGGENREICH ◽  
K. KRAL
Keyword(s):  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Frontal Part

Visual fields and ommatidial angles of the compound eyes of Mantispa styriaca were determined using luminous pseudopupil and histological-anatomical techniques. The maximal horizontal overlap averaged 42.7° in femalesand 52.4° in males; females had only one overlap maximum, whereas males had two. In the dorsoventral direction, the binocular field had an overlap of 135.2° in the female and 142° in the male. In light-adapted eyes, optical acceptance angles reached values of 2.0°, and they reached 3.6° with dark adaptation; interommatidial angles were between 1.8° and 2.3°. The angles were very similar over the entire eye; no acute zone was found in the frontal part of the eye, as the large binocular overlap would suggest. The results are compared with those for the praying mantis: this animal is in no way related to Mantispa but resembles it in appearance and capture behaviour.

The visually controlled prey-capture behaviour of the European mantispid Mantispa styriaca

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (14) ◽  
pp. 2117-2123 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kral ◽  
M. Vernik ◽  
D. Devetak
Keyword(s):  
Visual Angle ◽  
Prey Capture ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Midsagittal Plane ◽  
Praying Mantis ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Field Of Vision ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Predatory Insects

Mantispids (Mantispa styriaca) are predatory insects; on bright sunny days, they wait in ambush for insect prey. The prey is captured as soon as it is within reach by means of lightning-speed strikes with the powerful forelegs. The strikes can take less than 60 ms. The mantispid accomplishes this almost as effectively as the larger praying mantis, which occupies a similar habitat, even though the praying mantis has apposition eyes with a high-resolution fovea, whereas the mantispid has unspecialized optical superposition eyes. Mantispa styriaca reacts to an item of prey when the latter covers a critical visual angle. The detection of prey immediately triggers adjustment reactions in the mantispid, which attempts to position the prey item in the visual field of both eyes and in the capture zone. Irrespective of the size of the prey, the capture reaction of the mantispid is always triggered if the distance to the prey falls below a certain critical value. As indicated by the analysis of individual video frames, immediately before an aimed strike, the item of prey is always positioned exactly in the centre of the binocular field of vision in the extended midsagittal plane of the mantispid's head. The strike may be triggered by the ommatidia of the left and right eyes, the lines of sight of which converge precisely on this region. The principal conclusion to be drawn is that the prey-capture behaviour of the mantispid appears to be based on a triangulation mechanism.

The variation of resolution and of ommatidial dimensions in the compound eyes of the fiddler crab Uca lactea annulipes (Ocypodidae, Brachyura, Decapoda)

1996 ◽  
Vol 199 (7) ◽  
pp. 1569-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Zeil ◽  
M Al-Mutairi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Fiddler Crab ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Horizontal Resolution ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Vertical Resolution ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Uca Lactea

We studied variations in the optical properties of the compound eyes of Uca lactea annulipes using in vivo optical and histological techniques. The distribution of resolving power in the eyes of this fiddler crab species is typical for arthropods that inhabit flat environments: the eyes possess a panoramic equatorial acute zone for vertical resolution and a steep decrease of resolution away from the eye equator in the dorsal and ventral visual fields. The dimensions of the cellular components of the ommatidia vary accordingly: in the equatorial part of the eyes, facets are larger, and crystalline cones and rhabdoms are longer than in the dorsal and ventral parts of the eyes. Along the eye equator, horizontal resolution is low compared with vertical resolution and varies little throughout the visual field. The eyes of Uca lactea annulipes are unusual in that the gradient of vertical anatomical and optical resolution is steeper in the dorsal than in the ventral visual field. We interpret this difference as indicating that the information content of the world as seen by the crabs differs above and below the horizon line in specific and predictable ways.

scholarly journals Dose-Modulated Maskless Lithography for the Efficient Fabrication of Compound Eyes With Enlarged Field-of-View

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianghui Liu ◽  
Junbo Liu ◽  
Qingyuan Deng ◽  
Xi Liu ◽  
Yu He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Of View ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Maskless Lithography

scholarly journals Vision and touch in relation to foraging and predator detection: insightful contrasts between a plover and a sandpiper

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1656) ◽  
pp. 437-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham R Martin ◽  
Theunis Piersma
Keyword(s):  
Visual Fields ◽  
Skeletal Structure ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Predator Detection ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Blind Area ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Breeding Grounds

Visual fields were determined in two species of shorebirds (Charadriiformes) whose foraging is guided primarily by different sources of information: red knots ( Calidris canutus , tactile foragers) and European golden plovers ( Pluvialis apricaria , visual foragers). The visual fields of both species showed features that are found in a wide range of birds whose foraging involves precision pecking or lunging at food items. Surprisingly, red knots did not show comprehensive panoramic vision as found in some other tactile feeders; they have a binocular field surrounding the bill and a substantial blind area behind the head. We argue that this is because knots switch to more visually guided foraging on their breeding grounds. However, this visual field topography leaves them vulnerable to predation, especially when using tactile foraging in non-breeding locations where predation by falcons is an important selection factor. Golden plovers use visually guided foraging throughout the year, and so it is not surprising that they have precision-pecking frontal visual fields. However, they often feed at night and this is associated with relatively large eyes. These are anchored in the skull by a wing of bone extending from the dorsal perimeter of each orbit; a skeletal structure previously unreported in birds and which we have named ‘supraorbital aliform bone’, Os supraorbitale aliforme . The larger eyes and their associated supraorbital wings result in a wide blind area above the head, which may leave these plovers particularly vulnerable to predation. Thus, in these two shorebirds, we see clear examples of the trade-off between the two key functions of visual fields: (i) the detection of predators remote from the animal and (ii) the control of accurate behaviours, such as the procurement of food items, at close quarters.

scholarly journals Vision, touch and object manipulation in Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1725) ◽  
pp. 3687-3693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe P. Demery ◽  
Jackie Chappell ◽  
Graham R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Visual Fields ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Field Configuration ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Binocular Field ◽  
Prime Determinant ◽  
Tactile Cues ◽  
Foraging Method ◽  
Visual Coverage

Parrots are exceptional among birds for their high levels of exploratory behaviour and manipulatory abilities. It has been argued that foraging method is the prime determinant of a bird's visual field configuration. However, here we argue that the topography of visual fields in parrots is related to their playful dexterity, unique anatomy and particularly the tactile information that is gained through their bill tip organ during object manipulation. We measured the visual fields of Senegal parrots Poicephalus senegalus using the ophthalmoscopic reflex technique and also report some preliminary observations on the bill tip organ in this species. We found that the visual fields of Senegal parrots are unlike those described hitherto in any other bird species, with both a relatively broad frontal binocular field and a near comprehensive field of view around the head. The behavioural implications are discussed and we consider how extractive foraging and object exploration, mediated in part by tactile cues from the bill, has led to the absence of visual coverage of the region below the bill in favour of more comprehensive visual coverage above the head.

Visual fields of the compound eyes of four species of Cicindelidae (Coleoptera)

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kuster ◽  
W. G. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
North American ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Head Size ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Eye Size ◽  
Nocturnal Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diurnal Species

Visual field angles were measured around the circumference of the compound eyes of four species of North American Cicindelidae and plotted on Mollweide homolographs. Areas of monoscopic and stereoscopic visual fields and blind areas were calculated. In contrast to the nocturnal species (Amblycheila schwarzi and Omus californicus), the crepuscular species (Megacephala Carolina) and the diurnal species (Cicindela tranquebarica) have more ommatidia and larger eye size: head size ratios, total visual fields, and stereoscopic visual fields. These characters are considered to be derived and confirm the phylogenetic sequence of the four genera that was previously based on other morphological characters. The relationship between these characters and the biology of each species is also discussed.

scholarly journals Light and dark adaptation mechanisms in the compound eyes ofMyrmeciaants that occupy discrete temporal niches

2016 ◽  
Vol 219 (16) ◽  
pp. 2435-2442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Narendra ◽  
Birgit Greiner ◽  
Willi A. Ribi ◽  
Jochen Zeil
Keyword(s):  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Adaptation Mechanisms

Differential control of light–dark adaptation in the ocelli and compound eyes of Triatoma infestans

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1545-1552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio R. Lazzari ◽  
Deborah Fischbein ◽  
Teresita C. Insausti
Keyword(s):  
Dark Adaptation ◽  
Triatoma Infestans ◽  
Compound Eyes ◽  
Differential Control
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