scholarly journals The Relation of Animal Size to Oxygen Consumption in Some Fresh-Water Turbellarian Worms

1942 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-175
Author(s):  
R. J. WHITNEY
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Size Factor ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
The Law ◽  
Animal Size

1. A size factor is demonstrated for the oxygen consumption at 14.5° C. of four species of fresh-water Turbellaria obtained from different habitats. 2. For three of the species studied (Polycelis cornuta, Crenobia alpina and Planaria polychroa) small animals were found to have a higher oxygen consumption per unit weight than large ones. In the case of Polycelis nigra small animals were shown to have a lower oxygen consumption per unit weight than large ones. 3. The adherence of the size factor to the surface law of Rubner is discussed. Only Crenobia alpina satisfies the theoretical requirements of the law, and in this species it is shown that the size factor is practically unchanged when the oxygen consumptions are determined at 7.0° C. instead of 14.5° C.

EMPTY BODY WEIGHTS, CARCASS WEIGHTS AND OFFAL PROPORTIONS IN BULLS AND STEERS OF DIFFERENT MATURE SIZE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. E. ROMPALA ◽  
J. W. WILTON ◽  
C. H. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Animal Size

Empty body weights, carcass weights and offal proportions were compared in 33 young beef bulls and 33 beef steers of different mature body size (35 small or mainly British breed crosses, 31 large or Continental crosses). All cattle were fed a high energy diet based on corn silage and high moisture corn from weaning to slaughter. Slaughter was carried out once 6 mm of fat had been attained at the 11/12th ribs, determined ultrasonically. Feed was removed 24 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The offal components were all weighed fresh and the alimentary components emptied of digesta. Bulls weighed 8.0% heavier (P < 0.05) than steers at slaughter, while large animals were 38.7% heavier (P < 0.0001) than small animals. Bulls and large animals had carcasses that dressed out 1.5% heavier than steers and small animals. To eliminate the effect of gutfill, carcass weights and offal components were expressed as a proportion of empty body weight. Bulls had a higher proportion of warm carcass weight and lower proportions of liver, spleen, heart, lungs, rumen, abomasum, large intestine and front feet relative to empty body weight than steers. Large animals had a greater proportion of warm carcass weight and hind feet, and a lower proportion of head, hide, liver, kidneys, omasum and small intestine relative to empty body weight than small animals. All castration by size interactions for liveweight, carcass weight, empty body weight and offal proportions were not significant. Castration and small animal size both increased the proportion of noncarcass parts relative to empty body weight in animals slaughtered at similar finish. Key words: Body, carcass, offal, bull, steer, maturity

Oxygen consumption in response to chloride uptake in the fresh water field crab

Life Sciences ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 739-743
Author(s):  
V. Venkata Reddy ◽  
P.R. Aravinda Babu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Water Field

10. International Watercourses: Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use

2021 ◽  
pp. 571-616
Author(s):  
Alan Boyle ◽  
Catherine Redgwell
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Finite Resource ◽  
International Water Law ◽  
International Water ◽  
The Law

This chapter turns to issues related to fresh water. Fresh water is a finite resource and the more we pollute it, the more issues we have with its use. A sustainable supply of fresh water is vital to life. Historically, international water law was not particularly concerned with environmental problems. This chapter talks of ‘international watercourse’ which is a convenient designation for rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources shared by two mor more states. The law of international watercourses has for most of its history been concerned with the allocation and use of a natural resource of international significance, not with its conservation or environmental protection. While it can be asserted with some confidence that states are no longer free to pollute or otherwise destroy the ecology of a shared watercourse to the detriment of their neighbours or of the marine environment, definitive conclusions concerning the law in this area are more difficult to draw.

Part II Evolution and Theoretical Bases of the Law of International Watercourses, 3 The Evolution of the Law of International Watercourses

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
McCaffrey Stephen C
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
International Law ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
City States

This chapter traces the history of the use of water by human societies, discusses impediments to the development of the law in this field, and introduces the theoretical challenge inherent in application of international norms to resources within a state’s borders. The law of international watercourses has developed in tandem with the evolution of human social organization and the intensification of use by human societies of fresh water. Evidence of early canals and dikes suggests that small communities and city-states had found it necessary to cooperate in order to control and utilize effectively the waters of major rivers. When the growth of other uses—such as irrigation and the generation of hydroelectric power—began to give rise to disputes, the first reaction was often to try to apply rules from other branches of international law to the problem.

Apparatus for measuring oxygen consumption of small animals

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 923-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Haldi ◽  
Winfrey Wynn ◽  
Harold Breding
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Small Animals

scholarly journals Interactions of dietary fat and 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol on energy metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (3) ◽  
pp. R715-R720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Ji ◽  
Grazyna Graczyk-Milbrandt ◽  
Mary D. Osbakken ◽  
Mark I. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Isolated Hepatocytes ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Atp Content ◽  
Isolated Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Palmitate Oxidation ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Hepatocyte Metabolism

The fructose analog 2,5-anhydro-d-mannitol (2,5-AM) stimulates feeding in rats by reducing ATP content in the liver. These behavioral and metabolic effects occur with rats fed a high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet, but they are prevented or attenuated when the animals eat high-fat/low-carbohydrate (HF/LC) food. To examine the metabolic bases for this effect of diet, we assessed the actions of 2,5-AM on ATP content, oxygen consumption, and substrate oxidation in isolated hepatocytes from rats fed one of the two diets. Compared with cells from rats fed the HC/LF diet (“HC/LF” cells), cells from rats fed the HF/LC diet (“HF/LC” cells) had similar ATP contents but lower oxygen consumption, decreased fructose, and increased palmitate oxidation. 2,5-AM did not decrease ATP content or oxygen consumption in HF/LC cells as much as it did in HC/LF hepatocytes, and it only affected fructose and palmitate oxidation in HC/LF cells.31P-NMR spectroscopy indicated that differences in phosphate trapping accounted for differences in depletion of ATP by 2,5-AM. These results suggest that intake of the HF/LC diet prevents the eating response and attenuates the decline in liver ATP by shifting hepatocyte metabolism to favor fat over carbohydrate as an energy-yielding substrate.

scholarly journals Adaptation to oxygen deprivation in cultures of human pluripotent stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and umbilical vein endothelial cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (6) ◽  
pp. C1527-C1537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Erbil Abaci ◽  
Rachel Truitt ◽  
Eli Luong ◽  
German Drazer ◽  
Sharon Gerecht
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Progenitor Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Lower Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Tensions

Hypoxia plays an important role in vascular development through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) accumulation and downstream pathway activation. We sought to explore the in vitro response of cultures of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs), and human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to normoxic and hypoxic oxygen tensions. We first measured dissolved oxygen (DO) in the media of adherent cultures in atmospheric (21% O2), physiological (5% O2), and hypoxic oxygen conditions (1% O2). In cultures of both hEPCs and HUVECs, lower oxygen consumption was observed when cultured in 1% O2. At each oxygen tension, feeder-free cultured hESCs and iPSCs were found to consume comparable amounts of oxygen. Transport analysis revealed that the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) of hESCs and iPSCs decreased distinctly as DO availability decreased, whereas the OUR of all cell types was found to be low when cultured in 1% O2, demonstrating cell adaptation to lower oxygen tensions by limiting oxygen consumption. Next, we examined HIF-1α accumulation and the expression of target genes, including VEGF and angiopoietins ( ANGPT; angiogenic response), GLUT-1 (glucose transport), BNIP3, and BNIP3L (autophagy and apoptosis). Accumulations of HIF-1α were detected in all four cell lines cultured in 1% O2. Corresponding upregulation of VEGF, ANGPT2, and GLUT-1 was observed in response to HIF-1α accumulation, whereas upregulation of ANGPT1 was detected only in hESCs and iPSCs. Upregulation of BNIP3 and BNIP3L was detected in all cells after 24-h culture in hypoxic conditions, whereas apoptosis was not detectable using flow cytometry analysis, suggesting that BNIP3 and BNIP3L can lead to cell autophagy rather than apoptosis. These results demonstrate adaptation of all cell types to hypoxia but different cellular responses, suggesting that continuous measurements and control over oxygen environments will enable us to guide cellular responses.

scholarly journals A Simple Method for Estimating Oxygen Consumption of Small Animals

1959 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 899-902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell W. Charkey ◽  
Paul A. Thornton
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Simple Method
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