EMPTY BODY WEIGHTS, CARCASS WEIGHTS AND OFFAL PROPORTIONS IN BULLS AND STEERS OF DIFFERENT MATURE SIZE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
R. E. ROMPALA ◽  
J. W. WILTON ◽  
C. H. WATSON
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Breed Crosses ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Animal Size

Empty body weights, carcass weights and offal proportions were compared in 33 young beef bulls and 33 beef steers of different mature body size (35 small or mainly British breed crosses, 31 large or Continental crosses). All cattle were fed a high energy diet based on corn silage and high moisture corn from weaning to slaughter. Slaughter was carried out once 6 mm of fat had been attained at the 11/12th ribs, determined ultrasonically. Feed was removed 24 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The offal components were all weighed fresh and the alimentary components emptied of digesta. Bulls weighed 8.0% heavier (P < 0.05) than steers at slaughter, while large animals were 38.7% heavier (P < 0.0001) than small animals. Bulls and large animals had carcasses that dressed out 1.5% heavier than steers and small animals. To eliminate the effect of gutfill, carcass weights and offal components were expressed as a proportion of empty body weight. Bulls had a higher proportion of warm carcass weight and lower proportions of liver, spleen, heart, lungs, rumen, abomasum, large intestine and front feet relative to empty body weight than steers. Large animals had a greater proportion of warm carcass weight and hind feet, and a lower proportion of head, hide, liver, kidneys, omasum and small intestine relative to empty body weight than small animals. All castration by size interactions for liveweight, carcass weight, empty body weight and offal proportions were not significant. Castration and small animal size both increased the proportion of noncarcass parts relative to empty body weight in animals slaughtered at similar finish. Key words: Body, carcass, offal, bull, steer, maturity

scholarly journals Shear-sensitive adhesion enables size-independent adhesive performance in stick insects

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1913) ◽  
pp. 20191327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Labonte ◽  
Marie-Yon Struecker ◽  
Aleksandra V. Birn-Jeffery ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Adhesive Pads ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Adhesive Performance

The ability to climb with adhesive pads conveys significant advantages and is widespread in the animal kingdom. The physics of adhesion predict that attachment is more challenging for large animals, whereas detachment is harder for small animals, due to the difference in surface-to-volume ratios. Here, we use stick insects to show that this problem is solved at both ends of the scale by linking adhesion to the applied shear force. Adhesive forces of individual insect pads, measured with perpendicular pull-offs, increased approximately in proportion to a linear pad dimension across instars. In sharp contrast, whole-body force measurements suggested area scaling of adhesion. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of shear forces during whole-body measurements, as confirmed in experiments with pads sheared prior to detachment. When we applied shear forces proportional to either pad area or body weight, pad adhesion also scaled approximately with area or mass, respectively, providing a mechanism that can compensate for the size-related loss of adhesive performance predicted by isometry. We demonstrate that the adhesion-enhancing effect of shear forces is linked to pad sliding, which increased the maximum adhesive force per area sustainable by the pads. As shear forces in natural conditions are expected to scale with mass, sliding is more frequent and extensive in large animals, thus ensuring that large animals can attach safely, while small animals can still detach their pads effortlessly. Our results therefore help to explain how nature’s climbers maintain a dynamic attachment performance across seven orders of magnitude in body weight.

Body weights, carcass characteristics, fat content, and their relationships in ganders of the Selected Chinese and Synthetic strains, and Embden-sired strain crosses

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461
Author(s):  
J. N. B. Shrestha ◽  
A. A. Grunder
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Chinese Strain ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Total Fat

In 1986, 247 ganders of the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains, and Large Embden and Small Embden- sired strain crosses at the Greenbelt farm of the Centre for Food and Animal Research in Ottawa, Canada, were evaluated. The Chinese and Synthetic (developed from the Pilgrim, Chinese and Hungarian) strains had been selected for four generations to increase egg production over a 24-wk laying period and body weight at 16 wk of age, and simultaneously decrease total fat content. Two Embden strains, Large and Small, denoting contrasting body sizes, had been imported from the United States of America for potential use in crossbreeding as terminal sire strains. Strains and strain crosses were ranked from high to low, for body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age, liveweight at slaughter and eviscerated carcass weight. Large Embden × Selected Chinese were largest followed by Small Embden × Selected Synthetic and Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain crosses, in turn followed by the Selected Chinese and Selected Synthetic strains. Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different except for body weight at 9 wk of age and eviscerated carcass weight. The Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had a dressing percent of 63, significantly higher than 60–61% for the remaining strains or strain crosses. In general, the ranking of strains and strain crosses for liver weight was similar to rankings for body weights, except that the Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different from the Selected Chinese strain, and the Small and Large Embden-sired Selected Chinese crosses had similar liver weight. The Selected Synthetic strain had a significantly smaller neck than that of the other strains and strain crosses; Small Embden-sired crosses were not significantly different. Large Embden × Selected Chinese and Small Embden × Selected Synthetic strain crosses and the Selected Chinese strain had similar neck weight. When fat was expressed as a percentage of carcass weight, the strains and strain crosses had similar proportion of abdominal fat. On the other hand the Large Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross had significantly more intestinal fat (4.83%) than any of the strains and strain crosses (2.97 to 3.73%) and a similar proportion of total fat (10.87%) to the Small Embden × Selected Chinese strain cross (8.79%) but significantly more than the remaining strains and strain crosses (7.53 to 8.20%). The correlations of body weights at 9 and 16 wk of age with eviscerated carcass weight (0.65 and 0.90), abdominal fat weight (0.32 and 0.59), intestinal fat weight (0.27 and 0.55) and total fat weight (0.23 and 0.47) were deemed potentially useful. The correlations between percentage of fat parameters and body weights were low (0.20 a n d 0.37) or negligible. The inherent potential in the large-bodied Embden strain for growth can complement the small-bodied Selected Chinese strain that excels in egg production, fertility and hatchability to produce a strain cross with considerable promise for commercial production of goose meat. Key words: Chinese strain, Synthetic strain, Embden strain, body weights, abdominal and intestinal fat

scholarly journals Defense of body weight depends on dietary composition and palatability in rats with diet-induced obesity

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (1) ◽  
pp. R46-R54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry E. Levin ◽  
Ambrose A. Dunn-Meynell
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Selective Reduction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Background Diet ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Body Weights

Sprague-Dawley rats selectively bred for diet-induced obesity (DIO) or diet resistance (DR) were characterized on diets of differing energy content and palatability. Over 10 wk, DR rats on a high-energy (HE) diet (31% fat) gained weight similarly to DR rats fed chow (4.5% fat), but they became obese on a palatable liquid diet (Ensure). DIO rats gained 22% more weight on an HE diet and 50% more on Ensure than chow-fed DIO rats. DIO body weight gains plateaued when switched from HE diet to chow. But, Ensure-fed DIO rats switched to chow spontaneously reduced their intake and weight to that of rats switched from HE diet to chow. They also reduced their hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin and dynorphin but not neuropeptide Y mRNA expression by 17–40%. When reexposed to Ensure after 7 wk, they again overate and matched their body weights to rats maintained on Ensure throughout. All Ensure-fed rats had a selective reduction in dynorphin mRNA in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Thus genetic background, diet composition, and palatability interact to produce disparate levels of defended body weight and central neuropeptide expression.

The representation of yield of dressed carcass

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Seebeck ◽  
N. M. Tulloh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Logarithmic Form ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

1. Because dressing percentage increases as body weight increases, an adjustment for body weight is necessary when the dressing percentages of animals of different body weights are being compared. Instead of comparing animals on this basis, it is suggested that the power function y = axb, relating carcass weight and body weight, when computed in the logarithmic form, provides a suitable method for making adjustments of this kind.2. Using this function, differences in yield of carcass have been shown, between breeds and between seasons, in a study involving Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Beef Shorthorn cattle.3. A similar function has been used to describe the relationship between fat content of carcass and carcass weight and body weight, using data from the same breed study.

scholarly journals 335 Metabolizable protein requirement of lightweight beef calves

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 136-136
Author(s):  
Miles D Redden ◽  
Daniel W Shike ◽  
Joshua C McCann
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Metabolizable Protein ◽  
Body Weights

Abstract The objective was to assess the metabolizable protein (MP) requirements of lightweight beef steers. The 2016 Beef Cattle Nutrient Requirements Model (BCNRM) prediction of MP requirements in lightweight beef steers (less than 250 kg) is limited by available performance data in beef calves. Fall born Angus × Simmental crossbred steers (n = 172; BW = 153 kg) were weaned at 70 d of age (± 26 d), backgrounded 73 d, implanted with Component TE-IS, blocked by BW as light (96–163 kg) or heavy (163–215 kg), and assigned to one of four treatments for 56 d. Treatment diets provided MP at: 0.59 (MP1), 0.69 (MP2), 0.85 (MP3), and 0.91 kg per d (MP4) based on observed DMI. Energy was similar across all treatments at 2.14 Mcal/kg ME. Shrunk body weights were collected on d 0 and 56 to estimate performance. Dry matter intake was affected (P < 0.01) by treatment and increased (linear; P < 0.01) with greater provision of MP. As a percent of shrunk body weight, DMI averaged 2.8% and tended (linear; P = 0.07) to increase with MP. Based on observed DMI, ADG for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 was predicted using the BCNRM at 1.15, 1.55, 1.99, and 1.98 kg, respectively. Observed ADG increased quadratically (P = 0.01) with MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 gaining 1.86, 2.13, 2.3, and 2.3 kg, respectively. Final BW increased (quadratic; P = 0.02) with greater MP as MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 were 258, 273, 282, and 284 kg, respectively. Gain:feed increased quadratically (P = 0.04) with observed values for MP1, MP2, MP3, and MP4 being 0.323, 0.357, 0.359, and 0.360, respectively. Steer ADG response exceeded BCNRM predictions by 29%. Data suggest MP requirements of lightweight beef steers (BW = 213 kg) are 0.85 kg per d to achieve 2.3 kg ADG when fed a 2.14 Mcal/kg ME diet.

Metabolic rate and animal size correlated with decompression sickness

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric P. Kindwall
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Decompression Sickness ◽  
Nitrogen Saturation ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Bubble Formation ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
High Ambient Pressure ◽  
Clinical Description ◽  
Animal Size

A number of small animals, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, and cats were exposed to high ambient pressure for long periods of time and rapidly decompressed. They were found not to suffer from clinical "bends" except when decompressed almost explosively. Usually they did not suffer joint symptoms, delayed shock, or other disabling or permanent sequellae. Nitrogen saturation-desaturation curves based on the small animals' metabolic rate per kilogram weight were derived. A number of small animal dives were analyzed, and the calculated surfacing nitrogen tensions were depicted graphically for six tissues in each animal. It was found that small animals can surface with extremely high nitrogen tensions, particularly in the slower tissues, without serious ill effect. This appeared to be true even in the presence of bubble formation. A clinical description is given of a cat, surfaced from a saturation exposure at 350 ft (106.5 m) with 47 min decompression. It appears that the shorter circulation time of small animals did not by itself explain their immunity to bends.

scholarly journals Performance and body composition of young Nellore bulls slaughtered at different body weights

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2453
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes Passetti ◽  
Francisco de Assis Fonseca de Macedo ◽  
Alfredo Jorge Costa Teixeira ◽  
Anselmo Domingues Ferreira Santos ◽  
Alfredo Acosta Backes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Feed Costs

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of slaughter body weight on the quantitative characteristics of carcasses and the yield of commercial cuts of young Nellore bulls. Twenty-four non-castrated, 11-month-old, feedlot-fed Nellore bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design, in three treatments: 350 kg, 400 kg or 450 kg of body weight at slaughter (SBW). Slaughter was performed in a commercial slaughterhouse. The data were analyzed by an ANOVA followed by a Tukey test (p ? 0.05). SBW had no relationship with dry matter intake (6.05 kg/day or 75.74 g/kg BW0.75), feed efficiency (22.16) or feed conversion (4.67). Average daily gain was different depending on the SBW. Animal slaughtered at 350 kg had gained 1.17 kg/day, whereas animals slaughtered at 400 and 450 kg had gained 1.49 and 1.47 kg/day, respectively. Cold carcass weight increased with SBW (189.50, 209.33, and 242.39, respectively). Other carcass characteristics, like pH at 48 h (5.75), cold dressing carcass (52.61%), chilling losses (1.79%), fat thickness (5.54 mm), marbling (3.34 points), intramuscular fat (6.68%), longissimus muscle area (63.10 cm2) and sarcomere length (1.60 ?m), were not affected by SBW, but SBW increased cold carcass weight. The treatments had effects on the primary and commercial cut weights. However, the cut yields for the forequarter (39.84%), hindquarter (47.82%) and side-cut (12.34%), and the secondary cuts: chuck (14.38%), hump steak (1.94%), shoulder clod (16.97%), brisket point end (5.56%), neck steak (1.00%), striploin (7.77%), outside flat (5.30%), topside (9.36%), tenderloin (2.16%), flank steak (3.41%), eyeround (2.67%), rump tail (1.20%), rump eye (3.89%), shank (4.44%), knuckle (5.25%) and rump cap (1.40%), were not affected by SBW. SBW did not influence (p > 0.05) the commercial cut compositions for all cuts in the forequarter and hindquarter. Finishing young bulls in a feedlot is a strategy to produce beef with reduced feed costs. After all, the slaughter body weight (350, 400 or 450 kg) influenced the quantitative characteristics of the carcass; however, it did not affect the yield of commercial cuts from young Nellore bulls.

Response Intensity and Stimulus Generalization with Neutral Verbal Stimuli

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 651-661
Author(s):  
Arnold H. Buss ◽  
Martin Cohen
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Large Magnitude ◽  
Small Magnitude ◽  
Verbal Stimuli ◽  
Steep Gradient ◽  
Response Alternatives ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Animal Size

Mediated stimulus generalization was studied with words connoting animal size. Half the Ss trained on large animals and generalized to smaller animals; the other half trained on small animals and generalized to larger animals. The response alternatives were shouting and whispering; half the Ss were reinforced for shouting and the other half, for whispering. When generalizing from large to small animals, shouting yielded a steep gradient and whispering, a flat gradient of generalization. When generalizing from small to large animals, whispering yielded a steep gradient and shouting an inverse gradient of generalization. These results extend the generality of a Matching Principle: there is a strong tendency to make an intense response to stimuli of large magnitude and a moderate tendency to make a weak response to stimuli of small magnitude.

Pulmonary function in different animals

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1069-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Drorbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Work Of Breathing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption

Relaxation pressure-volume curves have been determined from the lungs and thorax of mice, rats, rabbits and dogs. From these data figures are obtained for body weights, vital capacity and compliance. These are compared with similar data for man and calculated values for tidal volumes and frequency of breathing obtained from the literature. Calculations were made of the elastic work of breathing per breath and per minute. All values were plotted on double log paper against body weight so that they could be expressed as proportional to some power of body weight. It was found that compliance, tidal volume, vital capacity and elastic work per breath are all nearly proportional to the first power of the body weight while the elastic work per minute, like the rate of oxygen consumption, is proportional to the 0.7 (or 0.73) power of body weight. It is concluded that lungs of large and small animals tend to have the same compliance per unit of vital capacity and require the same pressure for the intake of one tidal volume. A large lung may therefore be regarded as equivalent to many smaller lungs in parallel. Submitted on June 13, 1960

scholarly journals Shear-sensitive adhesion enables size-independent adhesive performance in stick insects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Labonte ◽  
Marie-Yon Struecker ◽  
Aleksandra Birn-Jeffery ◽  
Walter Federle
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Shear Forces ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Adhesive Pads ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Adhesive Performance

The ability to climb with adhesive pads conveys significant advantages, and is hence widespread in the animal kingdom. The physics of adhesion predict that attachment is more challenging for large animals, whereas detachment is harder for small animals, due to the difference in surface-to-volume ratios. Here, we use stick insects to show that this problem is solved at both ends of the scale by linking adhesion to the applied shear force. Adhesive forces of individual insect pads, measured with perpendicular pull-offs, increased approximately in proportion to a linear pad dimension across instars. In sharp contrast, whole-body force measurements suggested area-scaling of adhesion. This discrepancy is explained by the presence of shear forces during whole-body measurements, as confirmed in experiments with pads sheared prior to detachment. When we applied shear forces proportional to either pad area or body weight, pad adhesion also scaled approximately with area or mass, respectively, providing a mechanism that can compensate for the size-related loss of adhesive performance predicted by isometry. We demonstrate that the adhesion-enhancing effect of shear forces is linked to pad sliding, which increased the maximum adhesive force per area sustainable by the pads. As shear forces in natural conditions are expected to scale with mass, sliding is more frequent and extensive in large animals, thus ensuring that large animals can attach safely, while small animals can still detach their pads effortlessly. Our results therefore help to explain how nature’s climbers maintain a dynamic attachment performance across seven orders of magnitude in body weight.

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