Pharmacological induction and modulation of stridulation in two species of acridid grasshoppers

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Ocker ◽  
B Hedwig ◽  
N Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Medial Dorsal ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

The influence of neurotransmitters and neuroactive substances on stridulatory behaviour was analysed in two species of acridid grasshoppers (Omocestus viridulus and Chorthippus mollis). Acetylcholine, octopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate were applied by pressure injection (0.5­1.0 nl, 10(-3) mol l-1) into the protocerebrum. All except octopamine were also applied to the metathoracic ganglion by pressure injection or superfusion (1 ml). Injection of acetylcholine into the medial dorsal neuropile of the protocerebrum elicited continuous long-lasting species-specific stridulation in both acridid species. All other substances tested had no effect when injected into the brain. Injection of acetylcholine into the medial dorsal neuropile of the metathoracic ganglion enhanced the amplitude of the stridulatory leg movements elicited by electrical brain stimulation. It did not alter the repetition rate or coordination of the movements in O. viridulus; but it decreased the length of stridulatory cycles in C. mollis. Injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid into the medial dorsal metathoracic neuropile in both species suppressed the stridulatory leg movements ipsilateral to the injection site but did not alter those on the contralateral side. Superfusion of the metathoracic ganglion with gamma-aminobutyric acid suppressed the movements of both hindlegs. Pressure injection of glutamate into the metathoracic ganglion had no effect on the stridulatory leg movements, but superfusion enhanced the stridulatory movements.

A cephalothoracic command system controls stridulation in the acridid grasshopper Omocestus viridulus L

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2015-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hedwig
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Intracellular Staining ◽  
Medial Dorsal ◽  
Discharge Rates ◽  
Staining Techniques ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. In the acridid grasshopper Omocestus viridulus, I performed intracellular recording and stimulation of descending brain neurons simultaneously with the recording of the stridulatory hindleg movements in a minimally dissected preparation. The descending B-DC-3 interneurons were identified with intracellular staining techniques. In each half of the brain at least two sibling B-DC-3 interneurons exist. Main features of the neurons are a medial soma position and a pronounced dendritic arborization within the medial dorsal posterior protocerebrum. The axon descends contralaterally and occupies an extreme medial position in the cervical and thoracic connectives. 2. The occurrence of stridulatory behavior is strictly coupled with tonic spike activity in the B-DC-3 interneurons. During spontaneous stridulation these interneurons discharge action potentials at a rate of approximately 100 action potentials per second. 3. Individual B-DC-3 interneurons are sufficient to initiate and maintain the species-specific leg movements of courtship stridulation. During gradual depolarization stridulation is elicited at discharge rates of approximately 70 action potentials per second. On pulselike depolarization the neurons show a phasic-tonic discharge pattern. 4. The interneurons are necessary for the generation of stridulatory leg movements. Inhibition of an individual B-DC-3 interneuron can stop spontaneous stridulatory motor activity. 5. Depolarization of an individual B-DC-3 interneuron during ongoing spontaneous stridulation increases the repetition rate and amplitude of the stridulatory leg movements. Thus the B-DC-3 interneurons can also modulate the output of the stridulatory pattern generator. 6. Because of their number, structure, and properties, the B-DC-3 interneurons have to be regarded as the command system of stridulation in the acridid grasshopper O. viridulus.

scholarly journals Levels of biogenic amines in the brain of rats at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development

2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-810
Author(s):  
R V Deev ◽  
Yu M Shatrova ◽  
A I Sinitskiy ◽  
N S Molchanova ◽  
A K Yunusova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Acid Level ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Brain

Aim. To study the changes in levels of biogenic amines-neurotransmitters in the brain at experimental post-traumatic stress disorder development in rats. Methods. Post-traumatic stress disorder was modeled by keeping 48 outbred male rats in under constant and inescapable strong unconditioned stimulus. The control group included 16 intact animals, not exposed to stress influences. The levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid were determined by fluorometric methods. Behavioral activity of animals was evaluated on the day 3, 7, 10 and 14 by «open field» and «elevated plus maze» actinographs. Results. When comparing the concentrations of studied neurotransmitters in the brain of control animals with experimental groups, reflecting the development of post-traumatic stress disorder at the time, adrenaline and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine levels were increased on the third day, level of norepinephrine was reduced on the seventh day, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, dopamine, norepinephrine levels were elevaled, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was reduced on the tenth day, gamma-aminobutyric acid level was increased on the fourteenth day after the stress. Conclusion. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the largest contribution to the development of behavioral disorders are made by altered brain level of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the time of post-traumatic stress disorder formation (tenth and fourteenth day). At the earlier stages (third and seventh day), the relationship of rats behavioral activity and altered 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and norepinephrine brain levels was shown.

The Effects of Agonists of Ionotropic GABAAand Metabotropic GABABReceptors on Learning

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeniya A. Zyablitseva ◽  
Nikolay S. Kositsyn ◽  
Galina I. Shul'gina
Keyword(s):  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Gaba Receptors ◽  
Conditioned Inhibition ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Internal Inhibition ◽  
Selective Agonist ◽  
The Brain

The research described here investigates the role played by inhibitory processes in the discriminations made by the nervous system of humans and animals between familiar and unfamiliar and significant and nonsignificant events. This research compared the effects of two inhibitory mediators of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): 1) phenibut, a nonselective agonist of ionotropic GABAAand metabotropic GABABreceptors and 2) gaboxadol a selective agonist of ionotropic GABAAreceptors on the process of developing active defensive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes in alert non-immobilized rabbits. It was found that phenibut, but not gaboxadol, accelerates the development of defensive reflexes at an early stage of conditioning. Both phenibut and gaboxadol facilitate the development of conditioned inhibition, but the effect of gaboxadol occurs at later stages of conditioning and is less stable than that of phenibut. The earlier and more stable effects of phenibut, as compared to gaboxadol, on storage in memory of the inhibitory significance of a stimulus may occur because GABABreceptors play the dominant role in the development of internal inhibition during an early stage of conditioning. On the other hand this may occur because the participation of both GABAAand GABABreceptors are essential to the process. We discuss the polyfunctionality of GABA receptors as a function of their structure and the positions of the relevant neurons in the brain as this factor can affect regulation of various types of psychological processes.

scholarly journals Metabolomic changes in animal models of depression: a systematic analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juncai Pu ◽  
Yiyun Liu ◽  
Siwen Gui ◽  
Lu Tian ◽  
Yue Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hippuric Acid ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Blood Metabolites ◽  
Pimelic Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Animal Models Of Depression ◽  
The Brain

AbstractExtensive research has been carried out on the metabolomic changes in animal models of depression; however, there is no general agreement about which metabolites exhibit constant changes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify consistently altered metabolites in large-scale metabolomics studies of depression models. We performed vote counting analyses to identify consistently upregulated or downregulated metabolites in the brain, blood, and urine of animal models of depression based on 3743 differential metabolites from 241 animal metabolomics studies. We found that serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, anandamide, and tryptophan were downregulated in the brain, while kynurenine, myo-inositol, hydroxykynurenine, and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio were upregulated. Regarding blood metabolites, tryptophan, leucine, tyrosine, valine, trimethylamine N-oxide, proline, oleamide, pyruvic acid, and serotonin were downregulated, while N-acetyl glycoprotein, corticosterone, and glutamine were upregulated. Moreover, citric acid, oxoglutaric acid, proline, tryptophan, creatine, betaine, L-dopa, palmitic acid, and pimelic acid were downregulated, and hippuric acid was upregulated in urine. We also identified consistently altered metabolites in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, serum, and plasma. These findings suggested that metabolomic changes in depression models are characterized by decreased neurotransmitter and increased kynurenine metabolite levels in the brain, decreased amino acid and increased corticosterone levels in blood, and imbalanced energy metabolism and microbial metabolites in urine. This study contributes to existing knowledge of metabolomic changes in depression and revealed that the reproducibility of candidate metabolites was inadequate in previous studies.

scholarly journals Putrescine, a source of γ-aminobutyric acid in the adrenal gland of the rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 251 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
P C Caron ◽  
L J Cote ◽  
L T Kremzner
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Diamine Oxidase ◽  
Cell Metabolism ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gaba Concentration ◽  
The Brain

Putrescine is the major source of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the rat adrenal gland. Diamine oxidase, and not monoamine oxidase, is essential for GABA formation from putrescine in the adrenal gland. Aminoguanidine, a diamine oxidase inhibitor, decreases the GABA concentration in the adrenal gland by more than 70% after 4 h, and almost to zero in 24 h. Studies using [14C]putrescine confirm that [14C]GABA is the major metabolite of putrescine in the adrenal gland. Inhibition of GABA transaminase by amino-oxyacetic acid does not change the GABA concentration in the adrenal gland, as compared with the brain, where the GABA concentration rises. With aminoguanidine, the turnover time of GABA originating from putrescine in the adrenal gland is 5.6 h, reflecting a slower rate of GABA metabolism compared with the brain. Since GABA in the adrenal gland is almost exclusively derived from putrescine, the role of GABA may relate to the role of putrescine as a growth factor and regulator of cell metabolism.

scholarly journals Descending and Ascending Signals That Maintain Rhythmic Walking Pattern in Crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

The cricket is one of the model animals used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying adaptive locomotion. An intact cricket walks mostly with a tripod gait, similar to other insects. The motor control center of the leg movements is located in the thoracic ganglia. In this study, we investigated the walking gait patterns of the crickets whose ventral nerve cords were surgically cut to gain an understanding of how the descending signals from the head ganglia and ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system into the thoracic ganglia mediate the initiation and coordination of the walking gait pattern. Crickets whose paired connectives between the brain and subesophageal ganglion (SEG) (circumesophageal connectives) were cut exhibited a tripod gait pattern. However, when one side of the circumesophageal connectives was cut, the crickets continued to turn in the opposite direction to the connective cut. Crickets whose paired connectives between the SEG and prothoracic ganglion were cut did not walk, whereas the crickets exhibited an ordinal tripod gait pattern when one side of the connectives was intact. Crickets whose paired connectives between the metathoracic ganglion and abdominal ganglia were cut initiated walking, although the gait was not a coordinated tripod pattern, whereas the crickets exhibited a tripod gait when one side of the connectives was intact. These results suggest that the brain plays an inhibitory role in initiating leg movements and that both the descending signals from the head ganglia and the ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system are important in initiating and coordinating insect walking gait patterns.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS OF GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID IN THE BRAIN

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
T. Matsuda ◽  
J.Y. Wu ◽  
E. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
The Brain

Neurochemical control of cricket stridulation revealed by pharmacological microinjections into the brain

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2203-2216 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wenzel ◽  
B. Hedwig
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Courtship Song ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Calling Song ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Natural Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain

Neuroactive substances were administered into the frontal protocerebrum of tethered male Gryllus bimaculatus by pressure injections from microcapillaries. All three types of species-specific song pattern (calling song, rivalry song and courtship song) could be elicited by injection of acetylcholine and cholinergic agonists. Injection of nicotine led to short bouts of calling song that occurred after a short latency. In contrast, muscarine elicited long-lasting stridulation that took longer to develop. The pharmacologically induced song patterns showed transitions from rivalry song to calling song and from calling song to courtship song, which also occur during natural behaviour. Stridulation induced by a cholinergic agonist could be immediately blocked by microinjection of (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the same neuropile sites. Administration of picrotoxin in resting crickets led to enhanced motor activity that incorporated the three different song patterns. We propose that, in the brain of the cricket, acetylcholine and GABA are putative transmitters involved in the control of stridulation. Histological analysis located the stimulation sites to an area between the pedunculus and the (α)-lobe of the mushroom body in which the command neurons for calling song have dendritic arborizations.

scholarly journals ANTICONVULSANT PROPERTIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS- A REVIEW

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Nivedha Srinivasan ◽  
Anitha Roy
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Anticonvulsant Activity ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Boerhavia Diffusa

Introduction: Epilepsy is the tendency to have seizures that start in the brain. The brain uses electrical signals to pass messages between brain cells and when these signals are disrupted, it leads to a seizure. A number of synthetic antiepileptic drugs are available in practice, but various medicinal plants act as an important source of treatment for epilepsy; plants such as Aeollanthus suaveolens, Passiflora caerulea, Persea americana, Annona diversifolia, and Boerhavia diffusa have good anticonvulsant activity.Objective: Anticonvulsant drugs are used to control the convulsions by inhibiting the discharge and then producing hypnosis. The objective is to understand various medicinal plants and plant components, which are being used as an anticonvulsant.Results: A. suaveolens essential oils are the main constituents were deemed to display anticonvulsant activity. P. caerulea is reputed to have herbal activity as a sedative and anticonvulsant and it is often used as a relatively disease resistant root stock. Whereas P. americana, extract produces its anticonvulsant effect by enhancing gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic neurotransmission and or action in the brain. B. diffusa consists of a calcium channel antagonist compound, liriodendrin that is responsible for its anticonvulsant activity.Conclusion: Since epilepsy has become a common brain disorder, having knowledge of the medicinal plants with an anticonvulsant activity will be beneficial to the society.Keywords: Antiepileptic, Aeollanthus suaveolens, Passiflora caerulea, Persea americana, Annona diversifolia, Boerhavia diffusa.

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