scholarly journals Descending and Ascending Signals That Maintain Rhythmic Walking Pattern in Crickets

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

The cricket is one of the model animals used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying adaptive locomotion. An intact cricket walks mostly with a tripod gait, similar to other insects. The motor control center of the leg movements is located in the thoracic ganglia. In this study, we investigated the walking gait patterns of the crickets whose ventral nerve cords were surgically cut to gain an understanding of how the descending signals from the head ganglia and ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system into the thoracic ganglia mediate the initiation and coordination of the walking gait pattern. Crickets whose paired connectives between the brain and subesophageal ganglion (SEG) (circumesophageal connectives) were cut exhibited a tripod gait pattern. However, when one side of the circumesophageal connectives was cut, the crickets continued to turn in the opposite direction to the connective cut. Crickets whose paired connectives between the SEG and prothoracic ganglion were cut did not walk, whereas the crickets exhibited an ordinal tripod gait pattern when one side of the connectives was intact. Crickets whose paired connectives between the metathoracic ganglion and abdominal ganglia were cut initiated walking, although the gait was not a coordinated tripod pattern, whereas the crickets exhibited a tripod gait when one side of the connectives was intact. These results suggest that the brain plays an inhibitory role in initiating leg movements and that both the descending signals from the head ganglia and the ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system are important in initiating and coordinating insect walking gait patterns.

scholarly journals Descending and ascending signals that maintain rhythmic walking pattern in the cricket

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Gait Patterns ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

AbstractThe cricket is one of the model animals used to investigate the neuronal mechanisms underlying adaptive locomotion. An intact cricket walks with a tripod gait, similar to other insects. The motor control center of the leg movements is located in the thoracic ganglia. In this study, we investigated the walking gait patterns of crickets whose ventral nerve cords were surgically cut to gain an understanding of how the descending signals from the head ganglia and ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system into the thoracic ganglia mediate the initiation and coordination of the walking gait pattern. Crickets whose paired connectives between the brain and subesophageal ganglion (SEG) were cut exhibited a tripod gait pattern. However, when one side of the connectives between the brain and SEG was cut, the crickets continued to turn in the opposite direction to the connective cut. Crickets whose paired connectives between the SEG and prothoracic ganglion were cut did not walk, whereas the crickets exhibited an ordinal tripod gait pattern when one side of the connectives was intact. Crickets whose paired connectives between the metathoracic ganglion and abdominal ganglia were cut initiated walking, although the gait was not a coordinated tripod pattern, whereas the crickets exhibited a tripod gait when one side of the connectives was intact. These results suggest that the brain plays an inhibitory role in initiating leg movements, and that both the descending signals from the head ganglia and the ascending signals from the abdominal nervous system are both important in initiating and coordinating insect walking gait patterns.

scholarly journals Excretion initiates walking in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Naniwa ◽  
Yasuhiro Sugimoto ◽  
Koichi Osuka ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Abdominal Ganglion ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Motor Circuit ◽  
Walking Gait ◽  
Tripod Gait ◽  
Leg Movement ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFeces contain information about the donor and potentially attracts both conspecifics and predators and parasites. The excretory system must be coordinated with other behaviors in insects. We found that crickets start walking forward following excretion of feces. Most intact crickets walked around the experimental arena, stopped at a particular site and raised up their body with a slight backward drift to excrete feces. After the feces dropped on the floor, the animal started walking with a random gait pattern away from the feces, and then changed the gait pattern to a tripod gait. Headless cricket also showed walking following excretion. In more than half of excretion events, headless crickets walked backward before excretion. The posture adopted during excretion was similar to that of intact crickets, and post-excretory forward walking was also observed. The occurrence rate of post-excretory walking was more than that of intact crickets. The gait pattern during forward walking was random and never transitioned to a tripod gait in the headless crickets. In animals whose abdominal nerve cords were cut, in any position, pre- or post-excretion walking was not shown in both intact and headless crickets, although they excreted feces. These results indicate that ascending signals from the terminal abdominal ganglion initiate leg movement through the neuronal circuits within thoracic ganglia, and that descending signals from the brain must regulate leg the motor circuit to express the appropriate walking gait.

The Co-Ordination of Insect Movements

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-333
Author(s):  
G. M. HUGHES
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Limb Amputation ◽  
Normal Movement ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Blatta Orientalis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Leg Movements

I. The effects of limb amputation and the cutting of commissures on the movements of the cockroach Blatta orientalis have been investigated with the aid of cinematography. Detailed analyses of changes in posture and rhythm of leg movements are given. 2. It is shown that quite marked changes occur following the amputation of a single leg or the cutting of a single commissure between the thoracic ganglia. 3. Changes following the amputation of a single leg are immediate and are such that the support normally provided by the missing leg is taken over by the two remaining legs on that side. Compensatory movements are also found in the contralateral legs. 4. When two legs of opposite sides are amputated it has been confirmed that the diagonal sequence tends to be adopted, but this is not invariably true. Besides alterations in the rhythm which this may involve, there are again adaptive modifications in the movements of the limbs with respect to the body. 5. When both comrnissures between the meso- and metathoracic ganglia are cut, the hind pair of legs fall out of rhythm with the other four legs. The observations on the effects of cutting commissures stress the importance of intersegmental pathways in co-ordination. 6. It is shown that all modifications following the amputation of legs may be related to the altered mechanical conditions. Some of the important factors involved in normal co-ordination are discussed, and it is suggested that the altered movements would be produced by the operation of these factors under the new conditions. It is concluded that the sensory inflow to the central nervous system is of major importance in the co-ordination of normal movement.

Pharmacological induction and modulation of stridulation in two species of acridid grasshoppers

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (8) ◽  
pp. 1701-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Ocker ◽  
B Hedwig ◽  
N Elsner
Keyword(s):  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Medial Dorsal ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leg Movements

The influence of neurotransmitters and neuroactive substances on stridulatory behaviour was analysed in two species of acridid grasshoppers (Omocestus viridulus and Chorthippus mollis). Acetylcholine, octopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate were applied by pressure injection (0.5­1.0 nl, 10(-3) mol l-1) into the protocerebrum. All except octopamine were also applied to the metathoracic ganglion by pressure injection or superfusion (1 ml). Injection of acetylcholine into the medial dorsal neuropile of the protocerebrum elicited continuous long-lasting species-specific stridulation in both acridid species. All other substances tested had no effect when injected into the brain. Injection of acetylcholine into the medial dorsal neuropile of the metathoracic ganglion enhanced the amplitude of the stridulatory leg movements elicited by electrical brain stimulation. It did not alter the repetition rate or coordination of the movements in O. viridulus; but it decreased the length of stridulatory cycles in C. mollis. Injection of gamma-aminobutyric acid into the medial dorsal metathoracic neuropile in both species suppressed the stridulatory leg movements ipsilateral to the injection site but did not alter those on the contralateral side. Superfusion of the metathoracic ganglion with gamma-aminobutyric acid suppressed the movements of both hindlegs. Pressure injection of glutamate into the metathoracic ganglion had no effect on the stridulatory leg movements, but superfusion enhanced the stridulatory movements.

Abundant distribution of locustatachykinin-like peptide in the nervous system and intestine of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae

1995 ◽  
Vol 348 (1326) ◽  
pp. 423-444 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Leucophaea Maderae ◽  
Additional Cell ◽  
Frontal Ganglion ◽  
The Brain

An antiserum raised to the locust neuropeptide locustatachykinin I (LomTK I) was used for analysis of the distribution of tachykinin-related peptide in the cockroach Leucophaea maderae . Extracts of dissected brains, suboesophageal ganglia, thoracic ganglia and midguts were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and the fractions analysed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with use of the LomTK antiserum. Each of the tissues was found to contain LomTK-like immunoreactive (LomTK-LI) components with retention times corresponding approximately to synthetic LomTK I and II and callitachykinins I and II. The LomTK antiserum was also used for immunocytochemical mapping of peptide in the nervous system and intestine of L.maderae . A large number of LomTK-LI interneurons were detected in the proto-, deuto- and tritocerebrum of the brain and in the suboesophaegeal ganglion. The immunoreactive neurons supply processes to most parts of the brain: the central body, protocerebral bridge, mushroom body calyces, antennal lobes, optic lobe and most regions of the non-glomerular neuropil. A few protocerebral neurons send LomTK-LI processes to the glandular lobe of the corpora cardiaca. In each of the thoracic ganglia there are six LomTK-LI interneurons and in each of the unfused abdominal ones there are two interneurons. The fused terminal ganglion contains some additional cell bodies in the posterior neuromers. LomTK-LI cell bodies were detected in the frontal ganglion and fibres were seen in this ganglion as well as in the hypocerebral ganglion. The frontal ganglion supplies LomTK-LI processes to the muscle layer of the pharynx. The muscle layer of the midgut is innervated by LomTK-LI fibres from the stomatogastric system (oesophageal nerve and associated ganglia). Additionally the midgut contains numerous LomTK-LI endocrine cells. A number of the pharyngeal dilator muscles were also found to be innervated by LomTK-LI fibres, probably derived from cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. All the LomTK-LI neurons of the central nervous system appear to be interneurons, suggesting a neuromodulatory role of the endogenous tachykinins. The tachykinin-like peptides from peripheral ganglia may be involved in the control of foregut and midgut contractility and possibly the peptide of the endocrine cells in the midgut has additional actions related to intestinal function.

A guide to the neuroanatomy of locust suboesophageal and thoracic ganglia

1982 ◽  
Vol 297 (1085) ◽  
pp. 91-123 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Locusta Migratoria Migratorioides ◽  
Basic Framework ◽  
Metathoracic Ganglion ◽  
The Brain

The organization of the thoracic and suboesophageal ganglia in the locust is presented to provide a framework into which details of individual neurons can be inserted as information becomes available. Three species were examined, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) and Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). The basic plan of the ganglia is similar in all three species. Series of selected sections in transverse, horizontal and sagittal planes are illustrated to show the arrangement of the main nerve fibre tracts and areas of neuropil, and these are described briefly. A guide is given to prominent features that assist in the interpretation of sections in each plane. In the simpler mesothoracic and prothoracic ganglia nine longitudinal tracts are present in each half of the neuromere, and six dorsal and four ventral transverse tracts (commissures) link the two halves. Four vertical or oblique tracts are conspicuous, the T-tract, ring tract, C-tract and I-tract. Major roots of each peripheral nerve useful as landmarks are numbered from anterior to posterior. Two regions of fine fibrous neuropil are prominent, the ventral association centre and an area associated with the ring tract, a little above it. In the metathoracic ganglion three abdominal neuromeres are fused posteriorly to the true metathoracic neuromere. All four neuromeres show modification of the basic framework chiefly in the arrangement of the ventral commissures and the degree of development of the ventral association centre. In the suboesophageal ganglion three neuromeres, mandibular, maxillary and labial, are fused together from anterior to posterior. They show increasing modification of the basic plan anteriorly. Additional anterior longitudinal tracts are present, which connect with the brain, the dorsal commissures are much reduced and compressed, particularly in the mandibular neuromere, and the ventral commissures of all three neuromeres differ considerably from those of the thoracic ganglia.

Immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Musca Domestica ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Thoracic Ganglia ◽  
Larval Nervous System ◽  
Brain Lobe ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Localization of immunoreactivity to the antiserum to the mammalian neuropeptide substance P in the central nervous system of the house fly, Musca domestica, was investigated by immunocytochemical methods. In both the larva and the adult a total of 16 neurons reacted positively against substance P antiserum. Of these, 10 were in the brain and 6 in the thoracic ganglia. The neurons were arranged in bilateral pairs. In the larval nervous system each brain lobe contained a cluster of four pairs of immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal protocerebrum, and the subesophageal ganglion and each of the thoracic neuromeres contained one pair each. The adult nervous system possessed the same number of imunoreactive neurons with identical distribution within the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. However, the position of the protocerebral neurons was slightly altered. The pattern of immunoreactive axonal processes as well as the very high immunoreactivity observed in the dorsal neural sheath of the adult thoracic ganglion suggest a neurohormonal–neuromodulator role for substance P in this insect.

scholarly journals Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as port of Central Nervous System entry in COVID-19 patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Meinhardt ◽  
Josefine Radke ◽  
Carsten Dittmayer ◽  
Ronja Mothes ◽  
Jonas Franz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Olfactory Mucosa ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Control Center ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body including the central nervous system (CNS) have been described. Given first indication for viral RNA presence in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and in light of neurological symptoms in a large majority of COVID-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2-penetrance of the CNS is likely. By precisely investigating and anatomically mapping oro- and pharyngeal regions and brains of 32 patients dying from COVID-19, we not only describe CNS infarction due to cerebral thromboembolism, but also demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 enters the nervous system via trespassing the neuro-mucosal interface in the olfactory mucosa by exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal and nervous tissue including delicate olfactory and sensitive nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 follows defined neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas, including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

Ultrastructural morphology of neurosecretory neurons in the barnacle Balanus amphitrite

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Grazia Tagliafierro ◽  
Cristiana Crosa ◽  
Marco Canepa ◽  
Tiziano Zanin
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Balanus Amphitrite ◽  
Neurosecretory Neurons ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
Dense Core Granules ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ocellar Nerve

Barnacles are very specialized Crustacea, with strongly reduced head and abdomen. Their nervous system is rather simple: the brain or supra-oesophageal ganglion (SG) is a small bilobed structure and the toracic ganglia are fused into a single ventral mass, the suboesophageal ganglion (VG). Neurosecretion was shown in barnacle nervous system by histochemical methods and numerous putative hormonal substances were extracted and tested. Recently six different types of dense-core granules were visualized in the median ocellar nerve of Balanus hameri and serotonin and FMRF-amide like substances were immunocytochemically detected in the nervous system of Balanus amphitrite. The aim of the present work is to localize and characterize at ultrastructural level, neurosecretory neuron cell bodies in the VG of Balanus amphitrite.Specimens of Balanus amphitrite were collected in the port of Genova. The central nervous system were Karnovsky fixed, osmium postfixed, ethanol dehydrated and Durcupan ACM embedded. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Ultrastructural observations were made on a Philips M 202 and Zeiss 109 T electron microscopy.

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