LC-MS/HRMS Analysis, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Enzymatic and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Boerhavia diffusa Extracts: A Potential Raw Material for Functional Applications

Boerhavia diffusa is a great tropical plant and is widely used for various traditional purposes. In the present study, we examined the influence of solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and infusion (water)) on chemical composition and biological capabilities of B. diffusa. An UHPLC-HRMS method was used to determine the chemical characterization. The biological ability was examined for antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory and anti-cancer effects. To evaluate antioxidant effects, different chemical methods (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP, metal chelating and phosphomolybdenum) were applied. With regard to enzyme inhibitory properties, cholinesterases, amylase, glucosidase and tyrosinase were used. The MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was chosen to determine anticancer activity. Based on the UHPLC-HRMS analysis, 37 specialized metabolites were dereplicated and identified in the studied extracts. Results revealed the presence of 15 hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, acylquinic acids, and their glycosides, one rotenoid, seven flavonoids, 12 fatty acids and two other glycosides. Among the tested extracts, the methanol extract showed a stronger antioxidant ability compared with other extracts. The methanol extract also showed the best inhibitory effects on tyrosinase and glucosidase. In the anti-cancer evaluation, the methanol extract showed stronger anticancer effects compared with water extract. In summary, our observations can contribute to the establishment of B. diffusa as a potential candidate for functional applications in the preparation.

Response of Occurrence of Winter Weeds to Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil of Gandhinagar District, Gujarat, India

Gandhinagar is the capital city of Gujarat State. The paper deals with the estimation of nutrients (pH, EC, N, P, K, Zn) in soil of different talukas of Gandhinagar district. This district has four talukas with 290 villages and 10 urban habitations in the district. For the study purpose, the entire district was divided into 20 sites. Five sites of each talukas were selected. Total 20 sampling sites were selected to collect samples. The study was carried for a period of 2 year (2011 to 2013). Soil samples were colleted and analysed for their parameters like pH, EC, Nitrate, Phosphorus, Potassium and Zinc (Zn) at monthly. Zn was recorded critical in Mansa and Dehgam taluka and quite low in Kalol taluka. The occurrence types and distribution of Amaranthus viridis L., Achyranthus aspera L., Trianthema portulacastrum L, Boerhavia diffusa L., Cyperus rotundus L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Tridex procumbens L., Parthenium hysterophorus L., Euphorbia hirta L., Vernonia cinera (L.) Less., Digera muriata (L.) Mart., Cassia tora L., Chenopodium album L., Portulaca oleracea L. in the study area of Gandhinagar showed relations with the soil in which they occur.

SYNERGISTIC IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACT OF ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS WILLD AND ETHANOL WHOLE PLANT EXTRACT OF BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA LINN

Objective: On the basis of traditional use and Ethno pharmacological evidences Boerhavia diffusa whole plant and root part of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) both are widely used to enhance the immunity. But in combination there is no scientific evidence so current study was designed. Methods: Laboratory based study, namely, carbon clearance, cyclophosphamide induced immune suppression and neutrophil adhesion was designed using mice as an experimental animals in different combination of aqueous whole plant extract of B. diffusa and methanol extract of root part of A. racemosus were used as a test drug in the ratio 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (100 mg/kg) against the established standard drug Ashwagandha. Results: The results revealed that animals treated with combined extract (1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) at a dose of 100 mg/kg increase rate of carbon clearance from blood, there is significance alternation in blood parameter in cyclophosphamide group and also improve the Neutrophil adhesion when treated with different combination of polyherbal formulation treated groups. Conclusion: The polyherbal formulation in different ratio showing good significant immunomodulatory activity as compare to standard.

Preparation of Boerhaavia diffusa Mediated Selenium Based Mouthwash-A Comparative Microbial and Cytotoxic Effect

Introduction: The extract of Boerhaavia diffusa root, a plant used in Indian traditional medicine, has significant immunomodulatory Potential. Selenium, a nutrient element that has a massive function in biological systems, is one of the interesting compounds to integrate with antibacterial agents. Recently several studies have pointed out the ability of selenium nanoparticles to exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Aim: To analyze the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Boerhaavia diffusa mediated selenium nanoparticles based mouthwash. Materials and Methods: 1 g of Boerhavia diffusa was added in 100 ml of distilled water. It was boiled; the plant extract was filtered using Whatman’s no.1 filter paper. In 250 ml conical flask, 60 ml of 20 millimolar sodium selenite was prepared and 40 ml of the filtered plant extract was mixed. This flask was kept in a magnetic stirrer. The nanoparticle solution was centrifuged at 8000rpm to prepare nanoparticle pellets. The nanoparticle pellet was dried in a hot air oven at 80 degree celsius. The dried powder was sent for Characterization. A mouthwash is prepared. The prepared mouthwash was tested for cytotoxic activity by brine shrimp lethality assay and antimicrobial activity evaluated the zone of inhibition of agar well diffusion method. Results and Discussion: It was proved that cytotoxic activity of selenium bound mouthwash was less compared to the commercial mouthwash. The antibacterial activity of the selenium bound mouthwash against C. albicans and S. mutans was significant when compared to the standard antimicrobial agent. Conclusion: Based on the results, this mouthwash has the required qualities to be commercially be used. Therefore further studies can be done to prove that this mouthwash can be used commercially.

Les Lépidoptères associés à Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) en basse Côte d’Ivoire

Lepidoptera associated with Boerhavia diffusa L. (Nyctaginaceae) in lower Ivory Coast. Two eggs, seventy two caterpillars and six pupae collected mainly in Abidjan on Boerhavia diffusa L., a ruderal Nyctaginaceae, and reared, allowed to show that this plant favors the subsistance of at least seven species of Lepidoptera in an extremely urbanized environment: Megalorhipida leucodactyla (Fabricius, 1794) (Pterophoridae), Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758) (Sphingidae), Disclisioprocta natalata (Walker, 1862) (Geometridae), Alpenus maculosa Boisduval, 1836 (Erebidae), Maliattha sp., Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) and Aegocera rectilinea Boisduval, 1836 (Noctuidae). Disclisioprocta natalata is cited for the first time from Ivory Coast.

Identification of Phytoconstituents using GC-MS and Determination of Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Activity of Boerhaavia diffusa L. Leaves

Background: To identify bioactive phytoconstituents and evaluate antimicrobial and antimycobacterial potential of Boerhaavia diffusa leaves against selective human pathogens. Methods: The extract of Boerhaavia diffusa leaves was carried out by using methanol. Bioactive compounds was identified by GC-MS. Antimicrobial and antimycobacterial activity of methanolic extract Boerhaavia diffusa leaves was tested in vitro by Kirby-Bauer well diffusion method and rapid culture - MGITTM DST method against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus & Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida, Aspergillus and M. tuberculosis (H37RV ) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria resistant to Isoniazid & Rifampicine. Results: The obtained results of the GC-MS of Boerhavia diffusa led to the identity of 16 bioactive compounds. The crude extract showed antimicrobial activity against E.coli (Sensitive), Pseudomonas aeruginosa Sensitive and Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Sensitive) but extract did not show antimicrobial effect against, E.coli (ESBL), Klebsiella pneumonia (Sensitive), Klebsiella pneumonia (ESBL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Resistant), Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigates. The result of anti-mycobacterial activity showed that extract not showed antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis (H37RV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria resistant to Isoniazid & Rifampicine. Conclusion: The study result proved that methanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa leaves has antimicrobial potential due to the presence of the bioactive compounds.

Research Protocol for Assessment of Solitary and Combined effect of Guduchi and Punarnava on Structural and Functional Changes of Ageing in Liver and Kidney in Wistar Rats

Background: The liver and kidney play a central role in metabolic and detoxification processes leads to structural degeneration of organs with aging, which may hamper the functional ability of these organs. Acharya charaka suggests to use drugs of vayasthapana mahakashaya in different combinations to prevent ageing. Guduchi (Tinospora cardifolia) and punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa) are two drugs chosen to evaluate the solitary and combined effect on structural and functional changes in liver and kidney of Wistar rat. Materials and Methods: After identification and phytochemical study of test drugs, the 32 healthy, male rats of 18 months will be divided into four different groups, with eight rats in each group. 1st to 4th group will receive distilled water, guduchi kwath, punarnava kwath, guduchi and punarnava kwath respectively for 30 consecutive days at the rate of 8.1ml/kg dose, orally. Before administration of control drug and test drug blood sample assessment will be done for LFT, KFT, and SOD level. The same investigation will be repeated after one month trial period. Then after 60 days,120 days and 180 days, two animals from each group will be sacrificed, organs such as liver and kidney will be extracted and preserved for histopathological study, and blood samples will be collected for investigation. The remaining animals will be returned to the animal house for their reuse. Expected Results: Guduchi and punarnava may provide strength to liver and kidney and thus helpful in delaying degenerative changes of organs.