scholarly journals Thirst and drinking in North American watersnakes (Nerodia spp.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (5) ◽  
pp. jeb241414
Author(s):  
Matthew Edwards ◽  
Coleman M. Sheehy ◽  
Matthew T. Fedler ◽  
Harvey B. Lillywhite
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
North American ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Oceanic Water ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Drinking Behaviors

ABSTRACTWe quantified drinking behavior in three species of North American watersnakes: Nerodia clarkii, which is a marine or brackish water amphibious species, and Nerodiafasciata and Nerodiataxispilota, both freshwater amphibious species. All three species have relatively small and similar thresholds of dehydration (TH, approximately −4% loss of body mass) that elicit thirst and drinking of fresh water. These species have higher thirst sensitivity than several species of hydrophiine and laticaudine sea snakes, which are characterized by much lower TH (greater dehydration, −9% to <−20%). Nerodia clarkii, which is often found in coastal oceanic water, refused to drink seawater, but drank fresh water when dehydrated. In separate trials involving dehydration of N. clarkii and N. fasciata that were concurrently fed fish at regular intervals, snakes eventually refused to eat at TH of approximately −12% of original body mass, but resumed eating after they were allowed to drink fresh water and rehydrate. The drinking behaviors of Nerodia corroborate previous data on the importance of fresh water for drinking, and they complement growing evidence that dietary water does not itself mitigate dehydration in snakes. These new data increase understanding of water relationships in the context of evolutionary transitions from land to sea, and they emphasize the importance of fresh water resources in the conservation of coastal and marine species of reptiles.

scholarly journals Studies on Adaptation to Salinity in Gammarus Spp

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE ◽  
J. B. CRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ion Absorption

1. Four species of Gammarus were studied: the fresh-water G. pulex, the brackish water G. duebeni, and two normally marine species G. locusta and obtusatus, the former of which has also been recorded from brackish water. 2. The relation between osmotic pressure and chloride of the blood and of the external medium, after sudden transfer to salinities which could be withstood for at least 24 hr., is shown in Fig. 1. 3. The changes in blood osmotic pressure are due to salt and not to water movements. 4. The marine species G. obtusatus and locusta maintain a very hypertonic blood in dilute sea water and can withstand 50% (270 mM.) and 25% (135 mM.) sea water respectively. 5. The brackish water G. duebeni has a tolerance range from pure sea water to water containing a trace of salt, but is not as well adapted to fresh water as G. pulex. 6. For a wide salinity tolerance range two mechanisms are necessary, (a) for regulating the blood concentration within certain limits, and (b) for maintaining a low intracellular concentration of certain ions (e.g. C1) in spite of changes in blood concentration. Defection of the latter mechanism can alone account for the inability of G. pulex to withstand direct transfer to more than about 40% sea water (115 mM.). 7. On the basis of this work and that of others on other animals the following hypothesis is suggested. Adaptation to fresh water has proceeded by two main stages: (a) Probably by active ion absorption, a high blood concentration is maintained (as in Eriocheir sinensis and Telphusa fluviatile) and is associated with a large blood/tissue C1 gradient. Such animals can still be transferred suddenly to a high concentration of sea water. (b) Evolution of the renal salt-reabsorption mechanism, and lowering of both blood concentration and blood/tissue C1 gradient to levels more easily maintained (as in G. pulex and most fresh-water animals). The consequent loss of power to maintain a large blood/tissue C1 gradient entails inability to withstand transfer to more than low concentrations of sea water, unless, as in certain species, a special mechanism is evolved for preventing the blood concentration from rising.

scholarly journals Group-foraging is not associated with longevity in North American birds

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Group Size ◽  
North American ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Passerine Birds ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Age At First Reproduction ◽  
First Reproduction

Group-foraging is common in many animal taxa and is thought to offer protection against predators and greater foraging efficiency. Such benefits may have driven evolutionary transitions from solitary to group-foraging. Greater protection against predators and greater access to resources should reduce extrinsic sources of mortality and thus select for higher longevity according to life-history theory. I assessed the association between group-foraging and longevity in a sample of 421 North American birds. Taking into account known correlates of longevity, such as age at first reproduction and body mass, foraging group size was not correlated with maximum longevity, with and without phylogenetic correction. However, longevity increased with body mass in non-passerine birds. The results suggest that the hypothesized changes in predation risk with group size may not correlate with mortality rate in foraging birds.

Alcohol use in daily life: Examining the role of trait and state impulsivity facets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A Griffin ◽  
Timothy J Trull
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Drinking Behaviors ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Objectives: Using Ecological Momentary Assessment methods (EMA) we aimed to investigate the influence of trait and state (momentary) impulsivity on alcohol use behaviors in daily life. Facets of the UPPS trait model of impulsivity (Whiteside and Lynam, 2001) have been found to differentially relate to alcohol-related outcomes and behaviors in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. The present work expands on this by assessing UPPS facets in daily life and examining the contributions of trait and state impulsivity facets to daily life drinking behavior. Methods: 49 participants were prompted at least six times per day for 21 days. A total of 4,548 collected EMA reports were included in analyses. Multi-level models were computed predicting daily life alcohol use behaviors from state and trait impulsivity facets and relevant covariates. Results: Individual facets of momentary impulsivity differentially related to alcohol outcomes, such that (lack of) premeditation and, to a lesser extent, sensation seeking showed unique patterns of association with drinking and drinking quantity. Only trait levels of (lack of) premeditation were related to drinking behavior in daily life; no other trait UPPS scale significantly related to alcohol use. Conclusions: These results highlight state difficulties with premeditation as particularly relevant to drinking behavior in daily life. Our results also support the incremental validity of state impulsivity facets over trait level measures in relation to drinking behavior in daily life. These findings offer important insight into the phenomenology of daily-life alcohol use and highlight possible avenues for intervention and prevention efforts. Public Health Statement: Momentary fluctuations in premeditation predict alcohol use in daily life. Treatments targeting planning or forethought in relation to alcohol use may interrupt this process contributing to daily life drinking behaviors.

scholarly journals Content of inorganic solutes in lettuce grown with brackish water in different hydroponic systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alide M. W. Cova ◽  
Fabio T. O. de Freitas ◽  
Paula C. Viana ◽  
Maria R. S. Rafael ◽  
André D. de Azevedo Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Hydroponic Systems ◽  
Inorganic Solutes

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and accumulation of ions in lettuce grown in different hydroponic systems and recirculation frequencies. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. The evaluated hydroponic systems were Nutrient Flow Technique (NFT) and an adapted Deep Flow Technique (DFT), the latter with recirculation frequencies of 0.25, 2 and 4 h. Both systems used fresh water and brackish water. Plant growth, accumulation of inorganic solutes (Na+, K+, Cl- and NO3-) and the correlation between dry matter production and Na+/K+ and Cl-/NO3- were evaluated. The salinity of the water used to prepare the nutrient solution caused decrease in growth and K+ and NO3- levels, and increased contents of Na+ and Cl- in the plants. When using fresh water the highest dry matter production was obtained in the NFT system. In case of brackish water the adapted DFT system increased the production, in relation to NFT system (at same recirculation frequency: 0.25 h). It was found that the choice of the type of hydroponic system and recirculation interval for the cultivation of lettuce depends on the quality of the water used to prepare the nutrient solution.

Body Mass Index Influences Palpability but not Stage of Breast Cancer at Diagnosis

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 555-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anees B. Chagpar ◽  
Kelly M. Mcmasters ◽  
Jeremy Saul ◽  
Jacob Nurko ◽  
Robert C.G. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
North American ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Status ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Histologic Subtype ◽  
The North

Body mass index (BMI) is associated with breast cancer risk, but its relationship with stage at diagnosis is unclear. BMI was calculated for patients in the North American Fareston and Tamoxifen Adjuvant trial, and was correlated with clinicopathologic factors, including stage at diagnosis. One thousand eight hundred fourteen patients were enrolled in the North American Fareston and Tamoxifen Adjuvant study; height and weight were recorded in 1451 (80%) of them. The median BMI was 27.1 kg/m2 (range, 14.7–60.7). The median patient age was 68 years (range, 42–100); median tumor size was 1.3 cm (range, 0.1–14 cm). One thousand seven hundred ninety-three (99.0%) patients were estrogen receptor positive, and 1519 (84.7%) were progesterone receptor positive. There was no significant relationship between BMI (as a continuous variable) and nodal status ( P = 0.469), tumor size ( P = 0.497), American Joint Committee on Cancer stage ( P = 0.167), grade ( P = 0.675), histologic subtype ( P = 0.179), or estrogen receptor status ( P = 0.962). Patients with palpable tumors, however, had a lower BMI than those with nonpalpable tumors (median 26.4 kg/m2 vs 27.5 kg/m2, P < 0.001). Similar results were found when BMI was classified as a categorical variable (<25 vs 25–29.9 vs ≥30). Increased BMI does not lead to a worse stage at presentation. Obese patients, however, tend to have nonpalpable tumors. Mammography in this population is especially important.

scholarly journals Contribution to a Knowledge of the North American Fresh-water Ostracoda Included in the Families Cytheridae and Cyprididae

1897 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-15) ◽  
pp. 415-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
North American ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Master Of Science ◽  
Biological Station ◽  
The North ◽  
The University

The present paper has been prepared in the course of work at the University of Illinois for the degree of master of science in zoology. In addition to extensive collections of Entomostraca made at the Biological Station of the University of Illinois, situated at Havana, on the Illinois River, I have been able, through the kindness of Dr. S. A. Forbes, to examine all the accumulations in this group made by the Illinois State Laboratoryof Natural History during the last twenty years,and covering a territory little less than continental.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document