scholarly journals Studies on Adaptation to Salinity in Gammarus Spp

1940 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-163
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE ◽  
J. B. CRAGG
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ion Absorption

1. Four species of Gammarus were studied: the fresh-water G. pulex, the brackish water G. duebeni, and two normally marine species G. locusta and obtusatus, the former of which has also been recorded from brackish water. 2. The relation between osmotic pressure and chloride of the blood and of the external medium, after sudden transfer to salinities which could be withstood for at least 24 hr., is shown in Fig. 1. 3. The changes in blood osmotic pressure are due to salt and not to water movements. 4. The marine species G. obtusatus and locusta maintain a very hypertonic blood in dilute sea water and can withstand 50% (270 mM.) and 25% (135 mM.) sea water respectively. 5. The brackish water G. duebeni has a tolerance range from pure sea water to water containing a trace of salt, but is not as well adapted to fresh water as G. pulex. 6. For a wide salinity tolerance range two mechanisms are necessary, (a) for regulating the blood concentration within certain limits, and (b) for maintaining a low intracellular concentration of certain ions (e.g. C1) in spite of changes in blood concentration. Defection of the latter mechanism can alone account for the inability of G. pulex to withstand direct transfer to more than about 40% sea water (115 mM.). 7. On the basis of this work and that of others on other animals the following hypothesis is suggested. Adaptation to fresh water has proceeded by two main stages: (a) Probably by active ion absorption, a high blood concentration is maintained (as in Eriocheir sinensis and Telphusa fluviatile) and is associated with a large blood/tissue C1 gradient. Such animals can still be transferred suddenly to a high concentration of sea water. (b) Evolution of the renal salt-reabsorption mechanism, and lowering of both blood concentration and blood/tissue C1 gradient to levels more easily maintained (as in G. pulex and most fresh-water animals). The consequent loss of power to maintain a large blood/tissue C1 gradient entails inability to withstand transfer to more than low concentrations of sea water, unless, as in certain species, a special mechanism is evolved for preventing the blood concentration from rising.

The Urine of Gammarus Duebeni and G. Pulex

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-658
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Concentration Of Urine

1. A study has been made of the relation between blood, urine and medium concentrations in the two amphipod Crustacea G. duebeni and G. pulex. 2. G. duebeni produces urine hypotonic to the blood but hypertonic to the medium when it is in media more dilute than 50% sea water. 3. G. pulex forms urine which is hypotonic both to blood and medium when in 2-20% sea water. 4. G. duebeni begins to form hypotonic urine within 2 hr. of transference from 110 to 160% sea water to fresh water. Hypotonic urine formation begins in these circumstances when the blood concentration is up to twice that at which hypotonic urine is formed by animals fully adapted to their medium. 5. It is concluded (a) that the concentration of urine produced by G. duebeni is not dictated solely by the absolute level of the blood concentration; (b) that the formation of urine hypotonic to the blood in a brackish-water animal functions primarily as a means of conserving ions in the body; (c) that the ability to regulate the concentration of the urine with rapidity will be important in an animal living in environments of fluctuating salinities.

The Effects of Salinity on Herring After Metamorphosis

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. T. Holliday ◽  
J. H. S. Blaxter
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Blood Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Tolerance Range ◽  
Blood Concentrations

The salinity tolerance of herring 9-ca 24 cm in length was found to lie between 6‰0 and 40–45‰0.Determinations of changes in weight and blood concentration (by measurement of the freezing-point), when herring were transferred from one salinity to another, demonstrated that extensive changes occurred in the blood. Under these conditions the herring experienced and survived blood concentrations equivalent to salinites of 13–22·5‰. A recovery to near normal (δ0·95 ≡ 15·8‰) took place in all the salinities within the tolerance range.Badly descaled herring in sea water showed large increases in blood concentration before death.A study of the kidney of the herring indicated that the ability to withstand the low salinities for long periods probably rested in the high glomerular count of the kidney.The importance of damage to the skin for survival is discussed in relation to tagging experiments.The results are also discussed in relation to the evolution of the herring.

The Osmoregulatory Ability of the Lampern (Lampetra Fluviatilis L.) In Sea Water During the Course of its Spawning Migration

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-248
Author(s):  
R. MORRIS
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Osmoregulatory Ability ◽  
Better Than

1. Although fresh-run lamperns are able to withstand the effects of increasing sea-water concentration better than maturing animals, they can only maintain their plasma chloride constant in environments more dilute than 50% sea water. This is achieved, in part, by gradually reducing the urine output from the normal fresh-water level (155.8 ml./kg./day) to a negligible rate in solutions which are mildly hypertonic to the blood (33% sea water). 2. Studies on the rate of change of weight loss, of plasma chloride and of plasma osmotic pressure following abrupt immersion in dilute sea water show that mature lamperns cannot osmoregulate and can only survive in 33% sea water by tolerating a raised blood osmotic pressure caused by water loss. 3. Similar experiments on fresh-run animals suggest that the external surfaces of their bodies are less permeable to water than mature animals. Unlike mature animals, they also show considerable variation in the way in which they respond to 33% sea water. Some are able to maintain their plasma osmotic pressure and chloride well below that of the environment. These animals also show little loss in weight, and this indicates that water is taken up actively, since this process has been shown to occur in some animals. Other fresh-run animals show raised plasma osmotic pressures in varying degrees and these are associated with larger losses of weight. These facts suggest that the hypotonic regulating mechanism gradually degenerates as the lampern enters fresh water.

Hibernation and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins

1. Two batches of diamondback terrapins have been kept for a whole year, one in sea water the other in tap water, and seasonal variations have been recorded in the composition and osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. 2. All year round the sea-water animals have a higher osmotic pressure and higher concentrations of Na, K, Cl and urea than fresh-water animals. It is in July, however, that these differences are the least marked. 3. The seasonal variations recorded are linked in particular to the conditions of osmotic stress imposed by the environment. 4. The results are discussed within the framework of hibernation and of the evolution among chelonians from fresh water to sea water.

The Adaptation of Gunda Ulvae to Salinity

1931 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
C. F. A. PANTIN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Electric Conductivity ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Limiting Value

1. The rate of loss of salts by the estuarine worm, Gunda ulvae, on transference from sea water to various dilute solutions has been studied by measurement of the electric conductivity of the solutions. 2. Salts are lost by the worms from the moment of immersion in dilute solutions. Conditions affecting the rate of loss of salts are discussed. 3. The relation between the amount of salts lost and the total electrolyte content of the worm was determined. It is shown that the worms only lose 25 per cent. of their salts during the time that they imbibe a volume of water from the dilute solution equal to their initial volume. 4. The limiting internal salt concentration of worms surviving in waters containing calcium is about 6-10 per cent. of the normal concentration in sea water. No such limiting value can be found for distilled water, since salts are lost continuously till cytolysis occurs. The significance of the limiting concentration is discussed. 5. The effect of osmotic pressure, pH, dilute solutions of NaCl, NaHCO3, glycerol, CaCl2 and CaCO3 are studied. The presence of calcium reduces the rate of loss of salts. Other factors do not seem to influence this rate. 6. The relation of calcium to the maintenance of normal permeability to water and salts in the worm, and the significance of this to the problem of migration into fresh water are discussed.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Contractile Vacuoles

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-381
Author(s):  
J. A. KITCHING
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Contractile Vacuole ◽  
Body Volume ◽  
Water Value ◽  
Contractile Vacuoles ◽  
Sustained Increase

1. The rate of output of fluid from the contractile vacuole of a fresh-water Peritrich Ciliate was decreased to a new steady value immediately the organism was placed in a mixture of tap water and sea water. The rate of output returned to its original value immediately the organism was replaced in tap water. The contractile vacuole was stopped when the organism was treated with a mixture containing more than 12 per cent, of sea water. 2. Transference of various species of marine Peritricha from 100 per cent, sea water to mixtures of sea water and tap water led to an immediate increase of the body volume to a new and generally steady value. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate decrease of the body volume to its original value or less. 3. Marine Peritricha showed little change in rate of output when treated with concentrations of sea water between 100 and 75 per cent. In more dilute mixtures the rate of output was immediately increased, and then generally fell off slightly to a new steady value which was still considerably above the original (100 per cent. sea water) value. The maximum sustained increase was approximately x 80. Return of the organism to 100 per cent, sea water led to an immediate return of the rate of output to approximately its original value. 4. When individuals of some marine species were placed in very dilute concentrations of sea water, the pellicle was frequently raised up in blisters by the formation of drops of fluid underneath it, and the contractile vacuole stopped. 5. Evidence is brought forward to suggest that in the lower concentrations of sea water marine forms lost salts. 6. The contractile vacuole probably acts as an osmotic controller in fresh-water Protozoa. Its function in those marine Protozoa in which it occurs remains obscure.

Lack of glomerular intermittency in the river lamprey lampetra fluviatilis acclimated to sea water and following acute transfer to iso-osmotic brackish water

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (8) ◽  
pp. 939-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Brown ◽  
J.C. Rankin
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Vascular Perfusion ◽  
Lampetra Fluviatilis ◽  
River Lamprey ◽  
Firm Evidence

Previous studies have suggested that in the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, in contrast to teleost fish, all glomeruli are actively filtering. In the present study, we have applied the ferrocyanide technique to obtain more definitive values for the population of filtering nephrons in the lamprey under conditions of high (in fresh water) and low (in sea water) glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and when the branchial osmotic gradient was eliminated by acute transfer of freshwater lampreys to iso-osmotic brackish water. These studies demonstrated that the renal antidiuresis in lampreys acclimated to full-strength sea water does not involve any reduction in the filtering population of glomeruli. Transfer to brackish water significantly reduced GFR and thereby urine flow rate (287+/−23 ml kg-1 24 h-1 in fresh water; 6.9+/−2.5 ml kg-1 24 h-1 in brackish water). In four of the eight fish examined, 100 % of glomeruli remained filtering; in the other four fish, non-filtering glomeruli occurred in patches along the kidney, always associated with an absence of vascular perfusion, which implies possible endocrine/neural control of vascular tone. The numbers of non-filtering glomeruli were always small, and these glomeruli do not appear to make a major contribution to the overall decline in urine output. The results provide firm evidence that although lampreys, like teleosts, show considerable variations in urine output, the renal mechanisms by which lampreys and the teleosts achieve this differ fundamentally, with glomerular intermittency playing little or no part in the lamprey.

Studies on the Permeability To Water Of Selected Marine, Freshwater And Euryhaline Teleosts

1969 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID H. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Silver Eel ◽  
As Species

Measurements were made of the flux of tritiated water across various marine, freshwater and euryhaline teleosts. The effects of temperature, body size, species differences, salinity, stress and anaesthetization were studied. 2. The Q10 of the flux of water across teleosts is approximately 1·90 and the flux is related to the 0·88 power of the body weight. 3. All of the freshwater species studied were more permeable to water than the marine species. Euryhaline teleosts appear to have about the same permeability as species to which they are most closely related. 4. While the flounder and the yellow eel are more permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water, the silver eel and the brown trout do not change their permeability and the 3-spined stickleback is less permeable to water in fresh water than in sea water. 5. While stress markedly increases the permeability to water of large brown trout, it has no effect on small brown trout and seems to decrease the water permeability of the plaice. 6. Anaesthetization has no effect on the water permeability of the goldfish but markedly increases the permeability to water of the silver eel. 7. The relationship between the flux of water and either the drinking rate in sea water or the urine flow in fresh water is discussed.

scholarly journals The osmotic changes in some marine animals

1931 ◽  
Vol 107 (754) ◽  
pp. 606-624 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Marine Animals

Since Bottazzi's (1897) first determinations of the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of various marine animals many researches have been performed by other authors, particularly in reference to the permeability of the membranes separating the body from its surroundings. Bottazzi (1897, 1906, 1908, b) investigated individuals belonging to very different groups of animals, and found that the osmotic pressure of the body fluids of marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, is very similar to that of the surroundings, while the osmotic pressure of the blood of teleosts is quite different. Changing the osmotic pressure of the medium, the osmotic pressure of most marine invertebrates, and of elasmobranchs, was shown to change in the same direction (L. Fredericq, 1882, 1904; Quinton, 1897; Dakin, 1908) and to reach, finally, the value of the former. The blood of teleosts is much more independent of the medium, for it shown to change only about 30 percent, in concentration, on transferring the animals from sea water to fresh water or vice versa (Dakin, 1908; Dekhuyzen, 1904: Sumner, 1905); other authors, however (fredericq, 1904: Garrey, 1905) could not field even these variations.

scholarly journals The Chloride Regulation of the Brackish and Fresh-Water Races of Mesidotea Entomon (L.)

1957 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
P. C. CROGHAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Chloride Concentration ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
General Level ◽  
Last Ice Age ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Chloride Regulation

1. Mesidotea entomon (L.) is found in the Baltic and in certain fresh-water lakes in Sweden. It is believed that colonization of fresh water in this region has taken place since the last Ice-age. 2. In the present work animals from brackish and fresh-water habitats have been compared both in respect of the concentration of chloride in their haemolymph and of their ability to survive in media of various salinities. 3. Both fresh-water and Baltic animals have been found able to survive in Plymouth sea water, the concentration of chloride in their haemolymph being close to the concentration of chloride in this medium. 4. Baltic animals could not be acclimatized to fresh water. 5. Animals from both habitats have the same general level of chloride concentration in their haemolymph when acclimatized to dilute sea water. 6. These results are discussed in relation to the evolution of a fresh-water race from a brackish-water race.

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