Sodium Balance in Eriocheir Sinensis (M. EDW.). The Adaptation of the Crustacea to Fresh Water

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Main Factors

1. In Eriocheir sinensis active uptake of sodium plays a vital role in the maintenance of sodium balance. At external concentrations down to about 6 mM./l. the active uptake mechanism is fully saturated and the uptake rate just balances the rate of loss, which occurs primarily through the body surface. At lower external concentrations balance may be achieved, at least in part, by the activation of the uptake mechanism. 2. A hypothesis is put forward to account for the mechanism of adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water. Two main factors are involved: (a) a progressive reduction in the permeability of the body surface to salts and, (b) the acquisition of an active uptake mechanism with a high affinity for the ions which it transports. 3. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to previous theories on the adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water.

Sodium Regulation in the Fresh-Water Amphipod, Gammarus Pulex (L.)

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-518
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Total Sodium

1. Sodium influx and loss rates in Gammarus pulex were measured at constant temperatures. The sodium loss rate was immediately influenced by a change in temperature, with a Q10 of 1.5 to 2.0 at temperatures between 0.3 and 21.5° C. The sodium influx rate is apparently influenced in the same way. 2. The sodium uptake mechanism in G. pulex from three localities was half-saturated at an external concentration of 0.10-0.15 mM/l. sodium. 3. The total sodium loss rate remained approximately constant in animals acclimatized to the range of external concentrations from 2 to about 0.2 mM/l. sodium. 18% of the sodium was lost in urine with a sodium concentration estimated at 30-50 mM/l. The remainder of the sodium loss was due to diffusion across the body surface. 4. In animals acclimatized to concentrations below about 0.2 mM/l. sodium the sodium loss rate was reduced, due to (a) a lower diffusion rate following a fall in the blood sodium concentration, and (b) the elaboration of a more dilute urine. 5. There was a very close association between changes in the blood sodium concentration, the elaboration of a very dilute urine, and the rate of sodium uptake at the body surface. The results indicate that a fall in the blood sodium concentration leads to simultaneous activation of the sodium uptake mechanisms at the body surface and in the antennary glands. 6. It is estimated that, by producing a dilute urine, total sodium uptake in G. pulex is shared equally between the renal uptake mechanism and the mechanism situated at the body surface. 7. In sea-water media G. pulex drinks and expels fluid from the gut. In a medium slightly hyperosmotic to the normal blood concentration the amount imbibed was equal to the normal rate of urine flow when in fresh water.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in the Isopod Genus Asellus

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 719-736
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Short History ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Km Value ◽  
Sodium Regulation ◽  
Natural Series ◽  
Total Concentrations

1. The principal features of the sodium regulatory mechanism are compared in Asellus communis Say, A. aquaticus (L.) and A. meridianus Rac. 2. Water content and total concentrations of sodium and chloride are similar in the three species, but they differ with respect to values for Kmax, Km, the loss rate, and the minimum sodium balance concentration. 3. It is suggested that A. meridianus, A. aquaticus and A. communis represent a natural series of increasing adaptation to fresh water. A. communis from North America is completely adapted to fresh water. It has the lowest loss rate, the lowest maximum saturation level (Kmax) for sodium influx, and the highest affinity (low Km value) for sodium ions in the transporting system at the body surface. In many respects A. meridianus resembles freshwater populations of Mesidotea entomon and Gammarus duebeni, and may therefore have had a relatively short history in fresh water.

scholarly journals Salt and Water Balance in the East African Fresh-Water Crab, Potamon Niloticus (M. Edw.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
East African ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Salt And Water Balance

1. The mechanisms of salt and water balance in the East African fresh-water crab, Potamon niloticus, have been investigated. 2. The freezing-point depression of the blood is equivalent to that of a 271 mM./l. NaCl solution. 3. The animals cannot survive in solutions more concentrated than 75% sea water. Above the normal blood concentration, the blood osmotic pressure follows that of the medium. 4. The urine is iso-osmotic with the blood and is produced at a very slow rate. The potassium content is only half that of the blood. 5. The animal loses sodium at a rate of 8 µM./10 g./hr. mainly through the body surface. Potassium loss occurs at one-sixteenth of this rate. 6. Sodium balance can be maintained at a minimum external concentration of 0.05 mM./l. Potassium requires a concentration of 0.07 mM./l. 7. Active absorption of both sodium and potassium occurs. The rate of uptake of sodium depends on the extent of previous sodium loss. The rate of sodium uptake may be affected by such environmental factors as the salt content of the water, temperature and oxygen tension. 8. The normal oxygen consumption rate is 0.72 mg./10 g./hr. A minimum of 2.3% is used in doing osmotic work to maintain salt balance. 9. The salt and water balance in Potamon is discussed in relation to the adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water. The importance of permeability changes is stressed.

Active Transport and Sodium Fluxes at Moult in the Amphipod, Gammarus Duebeni

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-605
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
W. R. H. ANDREWS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Active Sodium ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
High Level

1. The sodium fluxes of individual Gammarus duebeni, which moulted in sea water, have been followed daily from the morning following moult for at least 6 days. 2. Sodium influx from sea water declined from 15.1µM/animal/hr. on the first morning after moult to 1.7µM/animal/hr. by the tenth day after moult. 3. Sodium influx from 10 mM/l. NaCl plus sucrose solution isotonic with sea water declines from 4.48µM/animal/hr. to 0.14µM/animal/hr. in inter-moult animals. 4. Thionine inhibits over 90% of the influx from 10 mM/l NaCl plus isotonic sucrose on the first day after moult, and this, together with other evidence, suggests that the major part of the influx from this medium is due to active sodium uptake. The rate of active uptake is comparable with, or faster than, the rate of uptake by animals acclimatized to fresh water. 5. The influx occurs primarily across the body surface. It is suggested that the high level of sodium uptake is associated with the water uptake which occurs at moult.

scholarly journals The Absorption Of Chloride Ions By The Anal Papillae Of Diptera Larvae

1938 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. KOCH
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Anal Papillae ◽  
Diptera Larvae

By micro-chloride determinations combined with other observations, it is shown that Chironomus and Culex larvae are able to take up chloride parenterally from solutions with a chloride content corresponding to that of ordinary fresh water. This active absorption takes place exclusively in the anal papillae (anal gills). Since, in Chironomus, salt diffuses continually through the whole body surface, these organs, by their salt-absorbing function, play an important part in maintaining the salt content of the body fluid.

Sodium Balance in the Freshwater Prawn, Palaemonetes Antennarius

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
GWYNETH PARRY ◽  
W. T. W. POTTS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
The Relationship

1. The sodium content of the freshwater prawn Palaemonetes antennarius and the rates of influx and efflux of sodium in fresh water and a variety of other media are described. 2. The greater part of the influxes in all media is due to active uptake. The relationship between active uptake and the external and internal concentrations is described and it is concluded that the animal is living close to its viable limits of dilution. 3. The greater part of the efflux in fresh water is due to loss in the urine.

Zinc Regulation in the Freshwater Crayfish (Including Some Comparative Copper Analyses)

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-296
Author(s):  
G. W. BRYAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Blood Proteins ◽  
Internal Tissue ◽  
Austropotamobius Pallipes ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Excess Zinc

1. Zinc concentrations in the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes normally range from about I µg./g. in the blood to 100 µg./g. in the hepatopancreas. 2. The permeability of the body surface to zinc is very low. Long exposure to concentrations exceeding that of the blood is required to increase the internal tissue zinc concentrations appreciably. 3. Much of the zinc which is absorbed from solution appears to be adsorbed on to the gill and shell surfaces. 4. Most of the body zinc is obtained from food. 5. The hepatopancreas is the principal organ of zinc regulation. It can absorb excess zinc from the stomach fluid and can remove excess zinc if this is injected into the blood. 6. Very little of the excess zinc in the hepatopancreas can be lost in the urine or across the body surface. Zinc is lost only when the animal feeds and faeces are produced to which it can bind. 7. As the amount of zinc in the food increases, a smaller percentage of it is absorbed by the hepatopancreas and more is lost in the faeces. 8. Regulation of zinc seems to depend on changes in the hepatopancreas/stomach-fluid ratio. These alter the availability of zinc for removal in the faeces according to the concentration in the hepatopancreas. 9. There is no close relationship between the behaviour of zinc and copper although zinc is bound to blood proteins some of which are haemocyanins. 10. Differences in the methods of regulation between the freshwater crayfish and the marine lobster may represent changes which have occurred during the penetration of the crayfish into fresh water.

Sodium Regulation in the Amphipod Gammarus Duebeni From Brackish-Water and Fresh-Water Localities in Britain

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 529-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. A quantitative study of sodium influx and loss rates was made on Gammarus duebeni obtained from brackish-water localities. Both influx and loss rates were immediately doubled by a rise in temperature from 10 to 20° C. 2. It is estimated that when animals are fully acclimatized to a series of media decreasing from 50 to 2% sea water the rate of sodium uptake at the body surface is doubled to balance the rate of sodium loss, which is also doubled. The increased loss rate is due equally to an increase in the rate of diffusion across the body surface and to loss in hypotonic urine containing about 160-190 mM/l. sodium. Diffusion losses normally account for at least 35% of the total losses, even when the urine is isotonic with the blood. 3. The sodium-transporting system at the body surface is fully saturated at an external concentration of about 10 mM/l. NaCl (2% sea water). The system has a low affinity for sodium ions and is only half-saturated at 1.5-2.5 mM/l. sodium. The overall rate of uptake is increased to its maximum rate to balance sodium losses when in fresh water. 4. When acclimatized to fresh water (0.25 mM/l. NaCl) the sodium loss rate is greatly reduced. This was partly due to a lower rate of diffusion across the body surface following a fall in the blood sodium concentration, and mainly due to elaboration of a very dilute urine. 5. It is suggested that increases in sodium uptake in the antennary glands, resulting in a hypotonic urine, are linked with increases in uptake at the body surface. Both uptake systems are possibly activated by a single internal regulator responding to changes in the blood concentration. 6. Sodium regulation at concentrations below 10 mM/l. NaCl was examined in G. duebeni obtained from fresh-water streams on the Lizard peninsula, the Kintyre peninsula, and the Isle of Man. The regulation of sodium uptake and loss is very similar to regulation in brackish-water animals, and the sodium-transporting system has the same low affinity for sodium ions at concentrations below about 10 mM/l. 7. It is suggested that fresh-water localities in north-west Europe, excluding Ireland, have been colonized from brackish water without any modifications in the sodium-regulatory mechanism. But the fresh-water animals tolerate very low sodium concentrations better than brackish-water animals. This is apparently due to natural selection of individuals in which the sodium uptake rate is higher than the average uptake rate in brackish-water animals.

The Sodium Balance Mechanism in the Fresh-Water Amphipod, Gammarus Lagustris Sars

1967 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-528
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE ◽  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
External Concentration ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Influx Rate ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Balance Mechanism

1. The sodium balance mechanism of Gammarus lacustris in fresh water is virtually identical with that found in G. pulex. 2. The sodium transporting system at the body surface has a very high affinity for sodium ions. The system is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 0.14 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 1 mM/l. sodium. 3. The lowest external concentration at which sodium balance was maintained was 0.06 mM/l. 4. Both the total sodium loss rate and the sodium influx rate remained approximately constant in animals acclimatized to the range of external concentrations from 2 to 0.3 mM/l. NaCl. At lower concentrations the loss rate was reduced and the influx increased by a factor of about 1.5. 5. Changes in the sodium influx and loss rates are very closely linked together, and it is shown how these changes are related to the external sodium concentration.

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