Sodium Balance in the Freshwater Prawn, Palaemonetes Antennarius

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-421
Author(s):  
GWYNETH PARRY ◽  
W. T. W. POTTS
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
The Relationship

1. The sodium content of the freshwater prawn Palaemonetes antennarius and the rates of influx and efflux of sodium in fresh water and a variety of other media are described. 2. The greater part of the influxes in all media is due to active uptake. The relationship between active uptake and the external and internal concentrations is described and it is concluded that the animal is living close to its viable limits of dilution. 3. The greater part of the efflux in fresh water is due to loss in the urine.

Sodium Balance in Eriocheir Sinensis (M. EDW.). The Adaptation of the Crustacea to Fresh Water

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-162
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Eriocheir Sinensis ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Progressive Reduction ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Main Factors

1. In Eriocheir sinensis active uptake of sodium plays a vital role in the maintenance of sodium balance. At external concentrations down to about 6 mM./l. the active uptake mechanism is fully saturated and the uptake rate just balances the rate of loss, which occurs primarily through the body surface. At lower external concentrations balance may be achieved, at least in part, by the activation of the uptake mechanism. 2. A hypothesis is put forward to account for the mechanism of adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water. Two main factors are involved: (a) a progressive reduction in the permeability of the body surface to salts and, (b) the acquisition of an active uptake mechanism with a high affinity for the ions which it transports. 3. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to previous theories on the adaptation of the Crustacea to fresh water.

The Effect of Some Anions and Cations Upon the Fluxes and Net Uptake of Sodium in the Larva of Aedes Aegypti (L)

1965 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. STOBBART
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Sodium Uptake ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anal Papillae

1. Starved 4th-instar larvae of Aädes aegypti, when put into deionized water at a density of ten larvae/20 ml., are able to achieve sodium balance at the low external concentration of 5µM Na/l. 2. The balancing process involves a 10% drop in total sodium content, a more or less complete activation of the mechanism for sodium transport, and a reduction in the permeability of the larva to sodium as measured by the net sodium loss into deionized water. It is very probable that most of this reduction occurs in the anal papillae. 3. The relationship between external sodium concentration and sodium influx in larvae previously ‘balanced’ in deionized water is described approximately by the Michaelis equation. The sodium outflux also increases with increasing external sodium concentrations. 4. The net uptake of sodium by ‘balanced larvae’ appears to be significantly greater from solutions of NaCl than from solutions of NaNO3 NaHCO3 and Na2SO4. 5. The ions K+ Ca++ Mg++ and NH4+ when present as chlorides stimulate the influx of sodium from 0.1 mM/l. sodium chloride. When present as nitrates or sulphates they either have no effect or cause an inhibition of influx. 6. The results in 4 and 5 suggest that movements of chloride may be important in sodium uptake, and chloride uptake has been found to occur independently of sodium uptake. Measurements of potential difference between haemolymph and medium demonstrate active transport of both sodium and chloride.

Basal Activity of the Natriuretic Factor Extracted from the Rat Kidney as a Function of the Diet and its Role in the Regulation of the Acute Sodium Balance

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 385-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Louis ◽  
H. Favre
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Extracellular Volume Expansion

1. The effect of the sodium content of the diet on the natriuretic activity of an extract from the kidneys was studied in non-expanded and volume-expanded rats. 2. The kidney tissue was homogenized and the supernatant fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25. A single low-molecular-weight fraction eluted after the salt possessed the natriuretic activity and was tested on a rat bioassay. 3. The natriuretic activity of the fraction obtained from the kidneys of non-expanded rats was related to the sodium intake. 4. After an acute extracellular volume expansion, the natriuretic activity obtained from the fraction extracted from the kidneys was much greater than before expansion and was related to the dietary intake of sodium.

scholarly journals ANÁLISIS HIDROGRÁFICO E ICTIOLÓGICO DE LAS CAPTURAS REALIZADAS CON UNA RED DE TRAMPA FIJA EN LA LAGUNA DE GANDOCA, LIMÓN, COSTA RICA

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Rosario Benavides Morera ◽  
Carlos L. Brenes
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Tidal Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Salinity Field ◽  
First Maturity ◽  
The Relationship

Se realizó un estudio ictiológico de las capturas obtenidas con una red de trampa fija y un registro de las  propiedades hidrológicas en la Laguna de Gandoca, Limón, entre abril del 2006 y julio del 2007. Se identificaron 13 especies pertenecientes a 10 familias. El 98% de las capturas estuvo conformado por cuatro especies de valor comercial: Centropomus pectinatus (77%), Eucinostomus gula (9%), Caranx latus (7%) y Stellifer colonensis (5%). C. pectinatus (róbalo) estuvo presente en todas las capturas. Para C. pectinatus, se determinó que la relación longitud total - peso se ajustó potencialmente a través de la ecuación Pt= 0.004Lt3.1848. La talla de primera madurez de los róbalos se determinó en 30 cm de longitud total. En el ciclo anual de las propiedades termohalinas superficiales, la temperatura máxima se registró en el mes de setiembre (32°C) y la mínima durante diciembre (25.5°C). La laguna exhibe sus mayores salinidades en octubre (21), mientras que las salinidades menores ocurrió en julio y diciembre (1). Entre setiembre y noviembre, la influencia de la onda mareal se extendió de hasta media laguna con salinidades de 20, mientras que en la parte más interna no excedió a 5. Los valores más altos de contenido de oxígeno se observaron entre setiembre y noviembre, cuando el aporte de agua dulce proveniente de las escorrentías es mínimo. Finalmente, las características espacio-temporales del campo salino tienen una influencia directa en la composición y distribución de la ictiofauna que habita en la laguna.An ichthyological study of the fishing catch in a fixed trap net along with hydrographic sampling of the hydrological properties in Gandoca Lagoon, Limón, was carried out between April 2006 and July 2007. Thirteen species belonging to 10 families were identified. Ninty-eight percent of the captures belong to four species of commercial value: Centropomus pectinatus (77%), Eucinostomus gula (9%), Caranx latus (7%) and Stellifer colonensis (5%). C. pectinatus was present in all captures. For C. pectinatus (snook), the relationship between total length and weight was adjusted potentially through the equation Pt= 0.004Lt3.1848. The size of first maturity of snooks was 30 cm. The annual cycle of surface termohaline properties shows the maximum temperature in September (32°C) and the minimum during December (25.5°C). The Lagoon exhibits maximum salinities in October (21) and minimum in July and December (1). Between September and November the influence of the tidal wave extends to the middle of the lagoon with salinities of 20, while in the inner part it does not exceed 5. The highest values in oxygen content were observed between September and November, when the contribution of fresh water runoff is minimal. The space-time characteristics of the salinity field have a direct influence on the composition and distribution of the icthyofauna that inhabits the Lagoon.

Ionic Regulation of the Baltic and Fresh-Water Races of the Isopod Mesidotea (Saduria) Entomon (L.)

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. CROGHAN ◽  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Active Uptake ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
The Baltic

1. The isopod Mesidotea entomon has colonized the Baltic and certain Swedish lakes since the end of the last Ice Age. 2. The ionic regulation of Baltic animals and fresh-water animals (L. Mälaren) has been compared. 3. It has been possible to adapt Baltic animals to very dilute media, but 5% Askö sea water (5.5 mM/l. Na) appears to be the limit of adaptation. The haemolymph sodium concentration of Baltic animals from the very dilute media was considerably lowered. 4. The haemolymph sodium concentration in Mälaren animals is high (250 mM/l. Na) and comparable with that in Baltic animals in much more concentrated solution. The haemolymph ionic ratios of the Baltic and freshwater animals are similar. The Cl:Na ratio rises slightly in the more concentrated haemolymph samples. 5. From the concentration of ions in the haemolymph and in the total body water, the relative volume of the haemolymph was calculated. Mälaren animals appear to have a much larger haemolymph volume. 6. The permeability of the animals was determined from the rate of loss of sodium into de-ionized water. The permeability of the Mälaren animals is considerably reduced compared to the Baltic animals. Permeability is not related to the medium to which the animals had been adapted. 7. The sodium influx was determined using 22Na. The rate of active uptake was calculated from this. The maximal rate of active uptake was similar in Baltic and Mälaren animals. The sodium concentration of the medium at which active uptake was half maximum (KM) was considerably lower in Malaren animals than in Baltic animals. 8. The evolution of Mesidotea as a fresh-water animal is interpreted as a result of a reduction in permeability of the external surfaces to NaCl and an increase in the affinity of the active transport mechanism enabling the animal to maintain the haemolymph NaCl concentration in a steady state in fresh water.

Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Macrobrachium suphanense sp. nov. (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Thailand

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4482 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
NUKUL SAENGPHAN ◽  
BHINYO PANIJPAN ◽  
SAENGCHAN SENAPIN ◽  
PARAMES LAOSINCHAI ◽  
PINTIP RUENWONGSA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Cutting Edge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Freshwater Prawn ◽  
Dna Analyses ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
A New Species

A small freshwater prawn in Thailand has been found to be a new species and is named Macrobrachium suphanense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Fully grown male M. suphanense appeared very different from the most closely related male of M. sintangense: size smaller, second pereiopod smaller and less robust, rostrum form different and, in females, fewer eggs. Less closely related, fully grown M. dolatum has sharper distal cutting edge on fixed finger and M. hungi has longer rostrum than M. suphanense. DNA analyses put M. suphanense, M. sintangense and M. nipponense in the same clade with M. nipponense sister to the other two. Two more clades consist of M. dienbienphuense and M. niphanae on the one hand and M. lanchesteri and M. rosenbergii on the other. The relationship among the three clades is not clearly resolved. 

Hormonal and Neural Mechanisms of Sodium Appetite

Physiology ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Fregly ◽  
NE Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Content ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Salt Appetite ◽  
Sodium Appetite ◽  
Complex Mechanisms

A strong appetite for salt seems to be a normal link in the complex mechanisms that serve to maintain a normal sodium content of the organism. Experiments with rats have helped to unravel many aspects of the endocrine mechanisms that are involved in regulating sodium balance and salt appetite, but more work is needed to understand the mechanisms that induce salt appetite in different species.

Role of renal nerves in renal sodium retention of nephrotic syndrome

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (5) ◽  
pp. F823-F829 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Herman ◽  
L. L. Sawin ◽  
G. F. DiBona
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Renal Denervation ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Renal Nerves ◽  
Sodium Retention ◽  
Edema Formation

To define the role of the renal nerves in the renal sodium retention of the nephrotic syndrome, experiments were conducted in rats given adriamycin to produce nephrotic syndrome. All rats developed proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia and exhibited edema formation. Adriamycin-injected nephrotic rats were subjected to bilateral renal denervation (ADRIADNX) or sham renal denervation (ADRIASHAM). Rats injected with adriamycin vehicle were subjected to bilateral renal denervation (DNX) or sham renal denervation (SHAM). Metabolic balance studies were carried out in all rats beginning on the 8th day after bilateral or sham renal denervation. Dietary sodium content was 210 meq/kg Na on days 8-12 and days 24-26 and was 10 meq/kg Na on days 13-23. Nephrotic rats demonstrated significantly greater overall (19 days) cumulative sodium balance than vehicle control rats, ADRIASHAM 8.47 +/- 0.81 vs. SHAM 5.74 +/- 0.34 meq Na, P less than 0.01. Bilateral renal denervation did not significantly affect overall cumulative sodium balance in the vehicle control rats, DNX 6.15 +/- 0.71 vs. SHAM 5.74 +/- 0.34 meq Na. However, bilateral renal denervation significantly decreased overall cumulative sodium balance in the nephrotic rats, ADRIADNX 6.59 +/- 0.56 vs. ADRIASHAM 8.47 +/- 0.81 meq Na, P less than 0.01. Results indicated that the increased renal sodium retention characteristic of nephrotic syndrome is dependent, in large part, on increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity.

Effects of sodium depletion and angiotensin II on osmotic regulation of vasopressin

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (2) ◽  
pp. R287-R291
Author(s):  
C. E. Wade ◽  
L. C. Keil ◽  
D. J. Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Intravenous Infusion ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Sodium Depletion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

After alterations in sodium balance, osmotic reactivity of vasopressin (AVP) release was evaluated in seven conscious dogs during bilateral intracarotid infusions of hypertonic saline. A low-sodium diet reduced plasma sodium concentration by 3%; deoxycorticosterone acetate (30 mg/day for 2 days) elevated the concentration by 1%. Neither treatment altered resting plasma AVP. Hypertonic intracarotid infusions increased jugular plasma osmolality by 20 +/- 2 mosmol/kg independent of manipulations. Plasma AVP values were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in sodium-depleted dogs compared with values of the control animals. In addition, the osmotic reactivity of AVP release was evaluated during exogenous administration of angiotensin II (ANG II). Intravenous infusion of ANG II (5 ng . kg-1 . min-1) increased plasma concentration of ANG II but did not alter concentration of plasma AVP. The slope for the relationship of jugular plasma osmolality to plasma AVP during hypertonic intracarotid infusions was significantly increased with intravenous infusion of ANG II. Sodium depletion and intravenous ANG II potentiate the relationship of plasma osmolality and plasma AVP when evaluated with intracarotid hypertonic saline infusions in dogs.

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