Control of the Circadian Rhythm of Activity in the Cockroach

1968 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
JOHN BRADY
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Daily Change ◽  
Daily Changes

1. A study was made of the concentration of potassium and sodium in the blood of Periplaneta americana to determine whether daily fluctuations occur which might imply ionic control of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm. 2. Analyses were carried out on 166 blood samples taken at different times of day. A fall of about 10% occurred in the potassium concentration during the first hour of darkness; there was also a gradual decline of 2% in the sodium concentration. 3. However, series of six successive blood samples taken over a period of 3 weeks from ten individual cockroaches revealed no daily change in the level of potassium, sodium or haemocyte density. 4.No conclusions are drawn on the activity control aspect, but the results do suggest that daily changes may occur in cockroach blood ions.

Effects of aging on entrainment and rate of resynchronization of circadian locomotor activity

1992 ◽  
Vol 263 (5) ◽  
pp. R1099-R1103 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Zee ◽  
R. S. Rosenberg ◽  
F. W. Turek
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Phase Advance ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Free Running Period ◽  
Related Phase

The phase angle of entrainment of the circadian rhythm of the locomotor activity rhythm to a light-dark (LD) cycle was examined in young (2-5 mo old) and middle-aged (13-16 mo old) hamsters. An age-related phase advance in the onset of locomotor activity relative to lights off was seen during stable entrainment to a 14:10-h LD cycle. In addition, the effects of age on the rate of reentrainment of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity were examined by subjecting young and middle-aged hamsters to either an 8-h advance or delay shift of the LD cycle. Middle-aged hamsters resynchronized more rapidly after a phase advance of the LD cycle than did young hamsters, whereas young hamsters were able to phase delay more rapidly than middle-aged hamsters. The age-related phase advance of activity onset under entrained conditions, and the alteration of responses in middle-aged hamsters reentraining to a phase-shifted LD cycle, may be due to the shortening of the free-running period of the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity with advancing age that has previously been observed in this species.

scholarly journals The Effect of Perturbations in the Environmental Cycle of the Diurnal Rhythm of Activity of Periplaneta Americana L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANET E. HARKER
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity Rhythm ◽  
Transient Activity ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Three Stages

1. The locomotor activity rhythm of Periplaneta americana in alternating light and darkness is described as consisting of six stages. 2. The effect on the suboesophageal ganglion neurosecretory cycle of a change from light to darkness at each stage of the locomotor rhythm is described, and three stages in the neurosecretory cycle are recognized. 3. The effect on an established locomotor activity rhythm of a change to darkness at various times of day is described in terms of the immediate reaction of the animal and of the subsequent phase relations of the rhythm. 4. The phases of the activity rhythm are not reset if the environmental change occurs during the active period. The final positioning of the phases, when the onset of darkness occurs during the non-secretory phase of the neurosecretory cycle, is dependent upon the subsequent light conditions; transient activity peaks may appear before the stable position is reached. 5. The dependence of the neurosecretory cells on some other centre for the provision of some secretory substance, or precursor, is discussed.

Cycle of lordosis behavior in female hamsters whose circadian activity rhythm has split into two components

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. R112-R118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Swann ◽  
F. W. Turek
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Circadian Activity ◽  
Circadian Activity Rhythm ◽  
Activity Phase

Within 75 days of exposure to constant light (LL), the circadian activity rhythm of 21 of 32 hamsters had dissociated or "split" into two distinct components. These components were labeled either evening (E) or morning (M) depending on whether they appeared to be derived from the E or M portion of the activity phase prior to the occurrence of "splitting." Both regular (i.e., 4-day) and irregular (i.e., non-4-day) cycles in lordosis behavior were observed in all of the animals with an intact activity rhythm and in 18 of the 21 animals with a split rhythm of activity. The onset of behavioral estrus always occurred near the time of the onset of locomotor activity in animals with an intact activity rhythm. Among the females with a split activity rhythm, seven showed lordosis onsets only near the onset of the E component whereas five others began lordosis behavior only near the onset of the M component. Importantly, in five animals the onset of lordosis was associated on different days with either the E or M component. These results indicate that cycles in lordosis behavior persist even after the circadian rhythm of activity has dissociated into two components, and that at least one component of the estrous cycle, onset of lordosis behavior, can be coupled to either of two oscillators that underlie the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in hamsters.

Endogenous circadian changes in orientational behaviour of Talitrus saltator

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan M. Edwards ◽  
E. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Diel Pattern ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Talitrus Saltator ◽  
Burrowing Behaviour

Orientated navigational behaviour in Talitrus saltator (Montagu) was studied throughout the diel cycle. Amphipods released at the centre of a circular arena without an artificial horizon on the periphery showed random escape directions at all times of day. In the presence of an artificial light/dark boundary the escape direction was random at night but was towards the boundary by day. The onset of significantly orientated navigation occurred just before the time of dawn and persisted in a typically circadian manner for 7 days in amphipods kept in continuous darkness.The phase of the circadian rhythm could be reset in altered light/dark cycles. Phase changes were directly proportional to imposed L:D phases over the range —4 to + 12 h, except that shifts from —2 to +2 h induced no phase change in the orientation rhythm. The endogenous pattern of change of orientated navigation is discussed in relation to the nocturnal endogenous locomotor activity rhythm of Talitrus and its diel pattern of foraging and burrowing behaviour on sandy beaches.

scholarly journals Internal Factors Controlling the Suboesophageal Ganglion Neurosecretory Cycle in Periplaneta Americana L

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-170
Author(s):  
JANET E. HARKER
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
The Body ◽  
Suboesophageal Ganglion ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Locomotor Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity Rhythm

1. Two interacting factors, both following a 24 hr. rhythm, are found to be concerned in the control of the locomotor activity rhythm of Periplaneta americana. 2. When the suboesophageal ganglion is chilled to 30°C., the rest of the body being kept at room temperature, the phases of the neurosecretory cycle are delayed for a period equivalent to the period of chilling. 3. A second cycle, which follows a 24 hr. rhythm, can act as a stimulus to the neurosecretory cycle if the latter is at a stage which responds to a stimulus. If the second cycle affects the neurosecretory cycle the phases of the latter are reset by the stimulus. The phases of the second cycle can be reset by a change from light to darkness while the suboesophageal ganglion is in the chilled state. It appears that the second cycle is immediately reset by the onset of darkness, regardless of the time at which this occurs. 5. The value to the animal, in its natural conditions, of the control of the locomotor rhythm by two interacting cycles is discussed.

scholarly journals Propofol Anesthesia Significantly Alters Plasma Blood Levels of Melatonin in Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garance Dispersyn ◽  
Laure Pain ◽  
Yvan Touitou
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Melatonin Secretion ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Circadian Time ◽  
Normal Light ◽  
Rest Activity

Background General anesthesia combined with surgery has been shown to decrease the nocturnal peak of melatonin in patients. However, the role of anesthesia itself on melatonin secretion remains unknown. We previously showed that anesthesia induced by propofol modifies the circadian time structure in both rats and humans and phase advances the circadian rest-activity rhythm in rats. In this study, we examined the secretion of melatonin during 24 h after a 30-min propofol anesthesia in rats. Methods Rats were exposed to 12-h light/12-h dark alteration conditions and anesthetized with propofol (120 mg/kg intraperitoneally) around their peak of melatonin secretion (Zeitgeber time 16). Trunk blood samples were collected at seven subsequent Zeitgeber times to assess the effects of propofol on circadian melatonin secretion. Results Propofol modifies the peripheral melatonin by significantly decreasing its concentration ( approximately 22-28%) during the immediate 3 h after the wake up from anesthesia and then significantly increasing melatonin secretion 20 h after anesthesia ( approximately 38%). Cosinor analysis suggests that propofol induces a phase advance of the circadian secretion of peripheral melatonin. Conclusions The results demonstrate the disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin in rats under normal light conditions. These results parallel the desynchronization of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and temperature previously observed after propofol anesthesia.

Photoperiodic time measurement and photoentrainment of a circadian locomotor activity rhythm in subtropical tree sparrows

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1146-1152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand S. Dixit ◽  
Namram S. Singh ◽  
Iadalangki Bamon
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Circadian Activity ◽  
Tree Sparrow ◽  
Passer Montanus ◽  
Locomotor Activity Rhythm ◽  
Gonadal Growth ◽  
Endogenous Circadian Rhythm

Experiments were performed on the subtropical tree sparrow (Passer montanus) to investigate the involvement of an endogenous circadian rhythm in photoperiodic time measurement during the initiation of gonadal growth and functions and also to study the photic entrainment of the circadian activity rhythm.

scholarly journals Influence of Erythrocytes on Direct Potentiometric Determination of Sodium and Potassium

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bijster ◽  
H L Vader ◽  
C L J Vink
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Direct Potentiometry ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

We have shown that the sodium concentration in whole blood measured by direct potentiometry is higher than in plasma. The ‘erythrocyte-effect’, already described by Siggaard Andersen, is most pronounced for instruments equipped with a reference electrode with an open static liquid junction and is thus a general phenomenon. Instruments with a modified liquid junction show less interference. The same phenomenon appears for the determination of the potassium concentration, although the difference between whole blood and plasma, when measured with instruments equipped with a modified liquid junction, can be neglected in practice.

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