The Physiology of the Antennal Gland of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Antennal Gland ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gland Function ◽  
Water Clearance

1. The space measured by inulin distribution, the ‘inulin volume’, has been determined, and represents approximately 20% of the body weight in crabs ranging in size from 20.0 to 57.2 g. 2. After the injection of labelled inulin into crabs, the increase in activity of the medium is equal to the fall in blood inulin in all dilutions of sea water. Clearance of inulin from the blood is due only to urine production, and therefore the molecule can be used for quantitative investigations of antennal gland function. 3. Urine production in various concentrations of sea water has been determined by measuring the clearance of inulin from the blood and the rates at which the tracer appeared in the external media. By these methods the mean rate of urine production in 100% sea water was estimated to be 4.4% body weight per day. In dilute sea water the rate of urine production increases; for example, in 50% sea water the urine flow is four times greater than in normal sea water.

The Physiology of the Antennal Gland of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Antennal Gland ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Urine Concentrations

1. U/B ratios for inulin and sorbitol have been measured in 100%, 75% and 50% sea water. 2. When Carcinus is in 100% sea water, a U/B ratio of 1 for both sorbitol and inulin is reached and maintained after 40 and 115 hr. respectively. A reason for this difference is suggested. 3. In dilute media the rate of increase of U/B ratio for both molecules is more rapid than in 100% sea water. For instance, in 50% sea water the inulin U/B ratio is 1 after 50-60 hr. Sorbitol ratios are generally less than 1 in dilute sea water and a possible explanation of this is given. 4. In any particular concentration of sea water blood and urine concentrations of injected solutes fall at approximately the same rate once the maximum urine concentration has been reached. 5. It is concluded that primary urine production in Carcinus is by a filtration mechanism and that reabsorption of water from the urine does not normally occur.

The Physiology of the Antennal Gland of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Urine Concentration ◽  
Antennal Gland ◽  
Amino Acid Load ◽  
Urine Production

1. Amino acids are actively reabsorbed by the antennal gland of Carcinus in all concentrations of sea water, but there is never complete recovery of these molecules from the urine; even in animals in 100% sea water amino acids are eliminated in the urine. 2. The urine concentration of amino acids is related to (i) the blood amino acid concentration and (ii) the rate of urine production. An increase in either or both of these factors, for example, when animals are in dilute sea water, raises the U/B ratio of amino acids. 3. The rate of reabsorption of amino acids increases as the amino acid load on the antennal gland is raised. When reabsorption is maximal, the rate of transport is about seven times greater than at normal concentrations of amino acids in blood and urine when the animal is in 100% sea water. 4. Increases in blood amino acid concentrations when crabs are placed directly into dilute sea water are taken to be the result of changes in free amino acids of muscle which occur under these conditions. This intracellular regulation in dilute media is initiated when the blood sodium concentration is approximately 400 mM/l.

Water Uptake and Loss in Relation to the Salinity of the Medium in the Amphipod Crustacean Gammarus Duebeni

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-163
Author(s):  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
C. B. E. INMAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Osmotic Gradient ◽  
Prima Facie Case ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Water Saturated

1. The water fluxes across the body surface and the rate of urine production have been studied in the euryhaline amphipod Gammarus duebeni. 2. Urine flow rates (fPOs) have been determined from measurements of loss of [131I]sodium diatrizoate from the body, and the expected urine flow (fPdiff) has been calculated from determinations of the osmotic gradient between blood and medium and the flux of tritiated water. 3. For animals in 2% and 40% sea water the ratio fPOs/fPdiff are 1.16 and 1.44 respectively, and thus approximate fairly closely to unity. This implies that in these media the water subsequently excreted as urine enters the body by osmosis and that there is little interference with the free diffusion of water at the body surface due to passage through long pores or across unstirred layers. 4. In sea water the ratio fPOs/fPdiff is normally (assuming an osmotic gradient of 10 m-osmoles) almost twice unity but urine production is approximately halved when the animals are exposed to sea water saturated with an inhibitor of active sodium uptake (thionine). 5. It is suggested that there is a prima facie case for assuming that part of the fluid subsequently excreted by this species, when in sea water, is taken into the body initially by a process dependent upon active ion transport.

Internal Volume and Pressure Regulation in Carcinus Maenas

1978 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
J.R. W. NORFOLK
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Internal Volume

In Carcinus, in dilute media, internal volume and pressure were found to be regulated by the intermittent release of urine which maintained internal pressure at a mean value of 15 cm water, compared to a mean value of 10 cm for crabs in sea water. Following transfer of crabs from 100% to 50% sea water, urine production (measured by a continuous collection method) was observed to increase within 5 min of dilution of the medium, by which time the estimated increase in internal pressure would have been only 1.3 cm water. Such a pressure increase is considered inadequate to stimulate a rise in urine production, since artificially raising internal pressure of crabs in sea water did not result in an increase in urine flow, until the pressure was in excess of 20 cm water. The results support the hypothesis that the stimulus to increase urine production by crabs in dilute media is not raised internal pressure due to osmotic influx of water. An alternative hypothesis, namely that of changes in urine production being in response to direct monitoring of the external environment, is suggested.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of Osmotic Regulation in Lampreys

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. HARDISTY
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Unit Body Weight ◽  
Lampetra Planeri ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Osmolar Concentration

1. The mean osmolar concentration (expressed as mM. NaCl/1.) of the serum for Lampetra planeri was found to be 110 mM. in the ammocoete and 113 mM. in the adult. For adult L. fluviatilis serum in November the mean osmolar concentration was 143 mM. and in March 136 mM. 2. In adult planeri the Cl concentration of the body fluids accounted for nearly 90% of the total concentration as compared with only 58% in the serum of the ammocoete. Adult fluviatilis kept in tap water throughout the winter appeared to show an increase in Cl levels. 3. Evidence has been produced to support the view that the differences observed in water, fat and Cl content of ammocoete and adult planeri and adult fluviatilis are consequences of the period of starvation preceding sexual maturity. 4. Pronounced seasonal variations have been found in the fat and Cl content of ammocoetes of planeri. 5. The osmotic uptake of water has been determined for adults of both species in fresh water. In planeri the rate of uptake for unit body weight is about four times as great as in fluviatilis. 6. Observations have also been made on the osmotic loss of water of ammocoete and adult planeri and of adult fluviatilis in sea water of different concentrations. For unit body weight osmotic loss of water in planeri is about twice that of fluviatilis. 7. Total losses of Cl have been determined for ammocoete and adult planeri in distilled water and their effects on internal Cl levels have been studied. Observations have also been made on the active uptake of Cl. 8. Acclimatization experiments on ammocoetes and adult planeri and on adult fluviatilis have failed to produce any evidence of regulation in sea water.

Studies on Ionic Regulation in Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Sodium Influx ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Sodium Loss ◽  
Total Sodium

1. The mechanism of sodium balance in Carcinus maenas has been investigated. 2. Measurements of sodium outflux showed no evidence of a decrease in surface permeability to sodium in dilute sea water. 3. The rate of urine production in normal sea water was 3.6% body weight per day and the sodium loss through the urine was insignificant compared with the total sodium loss. In 40% sea water the urine rate was increased to 30% body weight per day and the loss in the urine accounted for 20% of the total loss. 4. Measurements of sodium influx and calculation of the active component showed that the active uptake mechanism was fully saturated at all external concentrations in which the animals could survive. 5. Regulation of the blood sodium concentration is effected largely by the activation of the sodium uptake mechanism. This prevents the blood concentration falling below a critical level as long as the external concentration itself is not too low.

The Physiology of the Antennal Gland of Carcinus Maenas (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
R. BINNS
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Antennal Gland ◽  
Glucose Reabsorption ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Glucose Threshold ◽  
Approach Unity

1. Glucose is actively reabsorbed by the antennal gland. 2. In 100% sea water there is a blood threshold concentration of approximately 150 mg.%. This does not indicate the maximum rate of glucose reabsorption. 3. Below the threshold, reabsorption is not always complete, but may be if carbohydrate sources are limited or absent. 4. The threshold level depends on the rate at which fluid passes through the antennal gland, an increase in urine production rate being correlated with a reduction in the glucose threshold. 5. Phloridzin inhibits reabsorption and glucose U/B ratios approach unity, indicating that glucose is filtered passively into the antennal gland.

Effect of High Plane of Nutrition on Blood Biochemical Profile and Onset of Puberty in Prepubertal HF X Kankrej Crossbred Heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
K K Hadiya ◽  
A J Dhami ◽  
D V Chaudhari ◽  
P M Lunagariya
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
Monthly Interval ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Biochemical ◽  
Lower Protein ◽  
The Mean

This study was initiated on 24 prepubertal Holstein x Kankrej crossbred heifers of nearly identical age (7-9 months) and body weight (130-140 kg) at University farm to evaluate the effect of high plane of nutrition on blood biochemical and minerals profile and the age at puberty. Twelve heifers were managed under routine farm feeding (control) and the rest 12 under ideal optimum feeding regime (treatment) that included extra 1 kg concentrate, 30 g min mix and ad-lib dry fodder. The body weight and ovarian ultrasonography together with blood sampling was carried out at monthly interval from 10 to 18 months of age to study the ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical changes. High plane of nutrition to growing heifers was beneficial in reducing the age of onset of puberty (by 2-3 months) compared to routine farm fed group. The mean plasma total protein and cholesterol concentrations showed a rising trend with significant variations from 10 to 16 months of age, where it got mostly stabilized indicating adult profile. The activity of enzymes GOT and GPT also rose gradually and significantly from 10 months till 14-15 months of age, and thereafter it remained more or less static till 18 months of age. The levels of both these enzymes were higher, with lower protein and cholesterol, in control than the treatment group from 15-16 months of age onwards. The mean plasma levels of both calcium and phosphorus increased gradually and significantly with advancing age till 16-17 months of age, with little higher values in supplemented than a control group. The plasma levels of zinc, iron, copper, and cobalt also showed rising trend with significant differences between 10th and 12th-14th months of age, and from 15th to 18th months of age the levels were statistically the same in all the groups with slightly higher values in the treatment group.

Urinary Bladder Volume and the Reabsorption of Water from the Urine of Crabs

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-181
Author(s):  
J. A. RIEGEL ◽  
A. P. M. LOCKWOOD ◽  
J. R. W. NORFOLK ◽  
N. C. BULLEID ◽  
P. A. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Ethacrynic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Bladder Volume ◽  
Active Secretion ◽  
51Cr Edta

1. Measurements have been made to determine the blood volume, bladder volume, clearance of 131I-sodium diatrizoate and U/H for diatrizoate in the crabs Carcinus maenas and Macropipus (Portunus) depurator. 2. Observed values of clearance blood volume and bladder volume in the two species at 18 °C were: Clearance (as % blood volume per day), Macropipus 56.1±14.5; Carcinus 27.1±5.8; Blood volume (as % body weight), Macropipus 21.0±4.0; Carcinus 19.2±3.0; Bladder volume (as % blood volume), Macropipus 12.1 ±5.0; Carcinus 11.0±8.0. 3. It is shown that the measured U/H differs from that to be expected if no reabsorption of water or secretion of diatrizoate occurs. 4. 14C-inulin and 51Cr-EDTA are excreted in an essentially similar manner to 131I-diatrizoate by Carcinus, implying that any active secretion of diatrizoate must be small in magnitude. 5. Injections of ethacrynic acid decrease the U/H ratio for diatrizoate relative to that in control Carcinus injected with sea water. In some Carcinus the concentration of diatrizoate in the urine comes to exceed that initially present in the blood. Both these points are taken, with 3, as support for the conclusion that water can be withdrawn from the primary urine of Carcinus.

Sodium Regulation and Adaptation to Fresh Water in Gammarid Crustaceans

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-380
Author(s):  
D. W. SUTCLIFFE
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Gammarus Zaddachi ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Sodium Regulation

1. Sodium uptake and loss rates are given for three gammarids acclimatized to media ranging from fresh water to undiluted sea water. 2. In Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus the sodium transporting system at the body surface is half-saturated at an external concentration of about 1 mM/l. and fully saturated at about 10 mM/l. sodium. In Marinogammarus finmarchicus the respective concentrations are six to ten times higher. 3. M. finmarchicus is more permeable to water and salts than G. zaddachi and G. tigrinus. Estimated urine flow rates were equivalent to 6.5% body weight/hr./ osmole gradient at 10°C. in M. finmarchicus and 2.8% body weight/hr./osmole gradient in G. zaddachi. The permeability of the body surface to outward diffusion of sodium was four times higher in M. finmarchicus, but sodium losses across the body surface represent at least 50% of the total losses in both M. finmarchicus and G. zaddachi. 4. Calculations suggest that G. zaddachi produces urine slightly hypotonic to the blood when acclimatized to the range 20% down to 2% sea water. In fresh water the urine sodium concentration is reduced to a very low level. 5. The process of adaptation to fresh water in gammarid crustaceans is illustrated with reference to a series of species from marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.

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