Interneurones in Crab Connectives (Carcinus Maenas (L.)): Giant Fibres

1974 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-613
Author(s):  
PETER J. FRASER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Giant Fibres ◽  
The Brain

Five interneurones with cell bodies and dendritic trees in the brain have axons 40-60µm diameter in one oesophageal connective. The fibres are phasic and multimodal, responding to visual and tactile stimuli. They have complex adaptation properties and two are suppressed completely during certain movements of the animal. The role of the fibres in overt behaviour has not been revealed by electrical stimulation or by examination of output in free walking animals. Several smaller interneurones in the connective are briefly described anatomically and physiologically.

Role of serotonin and noradrenalin in mechanisms of hypothalamic reg-ulation of experimental dystrophy of the retina

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Miryusifova Ch. M. ◽  
Mohammadova S. I. ◽  
Azizov A. A. ◽  
Mammadov Z. G.
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Site Effects ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Dystrophy ◽  
Visual Analyzer ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Oppo Site

  The features of the influence of electrical stimulation of the monoaminergic (MA) nuclei of the brain (nR, LC) on effects of the hypothalamic regulation of retinal electrogenesis in condition of experimental retinal dystrophy were studied It is shown that electrical stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCH) for 10 days on the background of the destruction of the pigment epithelium leads to the restoration of parameters as electro-retinogramm (ERG) and of the capacities of various structures of the visual analyzer. However, these effects are of short duration and quickly leveled. Preview activation of the various components MA-ergic system of the brain tends to have mixed influence of the effects of hypothalamic regulation. It is shown that the stimulation of nR increases the effects of SCH nuclei of the hypothalamus. In this environment, the recovery of the amplitude of the parameters from recommendation to photostimulation are stored during the time of testing (12 days). In contrast, stimulation of the LC leads to the oppo-site effects. In the current study, we discuss possible mechanisms of MA-ergic neuromodulation of plasticity of the various components of the visual system of the brain.

The Role of the outer Conducting Epithelium in the Behaviour of Salp Oozooids

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Bone
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Locomotor Behaviour ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

INTRODUCTIONBoth the inner and outer epithelia of salps propagate action potentials (Mackie & Bone, 1977). Skin pulses in the outer epithelium underlying the test (OSPs) evoked by mechanical or electrical stimulation of the epithelium ‘enter’ the brain and may alter the regular rhythmic locomotor activity (Mackie & Bone, 1977; Anderson et al. 1979). The route of'entry’ has not been determined, but has been assumed to be via the axons of the scattered mechanoreceptor sensory cells lying in the outer epithelium. The OSP system would thus operate to extend the sensory field of such cells, as in the appendicularian Oikopleura (Bone & Mackie, 1975; Bone & Ryan, 1979) where two sensory cells are coupled to a conducting epithelium.Salps alternate generations between the solitary asexual oozooid, and the aggregated sexual blastozooids (budded from the stolon of the oozooid). The linked blastozooids form chains, along which OSPs pass to regulate the locomotor behaviour of individual zooids in the chain. The zooids are not linked by gap junctions, and OSPs pass along the chain in a complex.manner, involving alternating epithelioneural and neuroepithelial synapses (Bone, Anderson & Pulsford, 1980; Anderson & Bone, 1980). The OSP system of the oozooid generation is less well understood, although it is known that OSPs in the outer epithelium of the oozooid propagate into the stolon, where they have been studied by Anderson (1979). This paper shows that oozooids possess a similar system of neuroepithelial synapses to that of blastozooids, and that these ‘ drive’ OSPs in the same way as occurs during the regenerative transmission of OSPs along the blastozooid chain.

The Role of Mitochondria in the Genesis of Neuroaxonal Dystrophy in the Brains of Aging Mice

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 372-373
Author(s):  
J.E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Neuroaxonal Dystrophy ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis ◽  
Dystrophic Axons ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nucleus Cuneatus

Although neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) has been examined by light and electron microscopy for years, the nature of the components in the dystrophic axons is not well understood. The present report examines nucleus gracilis and cuneatus (the dorsal column nuclei) in the brain stem of aging mice.Mice (C57BL/6J) were sacrificed by aldehyde perfusion at ages ranging from 3 months to 23 months. Several brain areas and parts of other organs were processed for electron microscopy.At 3 months of age, very little evidence of NAD can be discerned by light microscopy. At the EM level, a few axons are found to contain dystrophic material. By 23 months of age, the entire nucleus gracilis is filled with dystrophic axons. Much less NAD is seen in nucleus cuneatus by comparison. The most recurrent pattern of NAD is an enlarged profile, in the center of which is a mass of reticulated material (reticulated portion; or RP).

Fibrinolytic Activity of Cerebro-Spinal Fluid and the Development of Artificial Cerebral Haematomas in Dogs

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (02) ◽  
pp. 294-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Mihara ◽  
T Fujii ◽  
S Okamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Trans Form ◽  
Plate Method ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fibrin Plate ◽  
The Brain

SummaryBlood was injected into the brains of dogs to produce artificial haematomas, and paraffin injected to produce intracerebral paraffin masses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and peripheral blood samples were withdrawn at regular intervals and their fibrinolytic activities estimated by the fibrin plate method. Trans-form aminomethylcyclohexane-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) was administered to some individuals. Genera] relationships were found between changes in CSF fibrinolytic activity, area of tissue damage and survival time. t-AMCHA was clearly beneficial to those animals given a programme of administration. Tissue activator was extracted from the brain tissue after death or sacrifice for haematoma examination. The possible role of tissue activator in relation to haematoma development, and clinical implications of the results, are discussed.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum: novel concept of pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Devic’s disease

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (46) ◽  
pp. 2101-2109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Csécsei ◽  
Anita Trauninger ◽  
Sámuel Komoly ◽  
Zsolt Illés
Keyword(s):  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Therapeutic Decisions ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
The Brain

The identification of autoantibodies generated against the brain isoform water channel aquaporin4 in the sera of patients, changed the current diagnostic guidelines and concept of neuromyelitis optica (NMO). In a number of cases, clinical manifestation is spatially limited to myelitis or relapsing optic neuritis creating a diverse. NMO spectrum. Since prevention of relapses provides the only possibility to reduce permanent disability, early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory. In the present study, we discuss the potential role of neuroimaging and laboratory tests in differentiating the NMO spectrum from other diseases, as well as the diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options. We also present clinical cases, to provide examples of different clinical settings, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic decisions.

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