Flight Energetics and Heat Exchange of Gypsy Moths in Relation to Air Temperature

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Respiratory Heat Loss ◽  
Flight Morphology ◽  
Gypsy Moths

Gypsy moths elevate thoracic temperature (Tth) during flight by endogenous heat production but do not regulate it. Thoracic temperature of moths in free, near-hovering flights exceeded air temperature by approximately 6–7 °C at all Tα's between 17 and 32 °C. Mean rates of mass specific oxygen consumption varied between 40 and 47 ml O2 (g·h)−1 and were not correlated with air temperature. Wing-beat frequency increased from 27 to 33 (s)−1 between air temperatures of 18 and 35 °C. Thoracic heating and cooling constants are similar in live and dead moths, and removal of thoracic scales increases heating constants by about 12%. Preflight warm-up occurs at low Tα's but the moths are capable of immediate, controlled flight at Tα's above 22 °C. Relatively low levels of heat production by the flight muscles are a consequence of low power requirements associated with the flight morphology of gypsy moths. Calculated rates of thoracic and respiratory heat loss of free-flying moths are slightly lower than values of heat production.

Activation of the Fibrillar Muscles in the Bumblebee During Warm-Up, Stabilization of Thoracic Temperature and Flight

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-688
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
ANN E. KAMMER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Spike Frequency ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Frequency Of Action Potentials ◽  
Physical Laws

1. Extracellular action potentials and thoracic temperatures (TTh) were simultaneously recorded from the fibrillar flight muscles of Bombus vosnesenskii queens during preflight warm-up, during stabilization of TTh in stationary bees, and during fixed flight. 2. In most stationary bees during warm-up and during the stabilization of TTh the rate of heat production, as calculated from thoracic temperature and passive rates of cooling, is directly related to the frequency of action potentials in the muscles. 3. The rate of heat production increases throughout warm-up primarily because of a greater spike frequency at higher TTh. 4. In stationary bees during the stabilization of TTh at different ambient temperatures (TA) the fibrillar muscles are activated by any in a continuous range of spike frequencies, rather than only by on-off responses. 5. Regulation of TTh in stationary bees may involve not only changes in the rate of heat production but also variations of heat transfer from the thorax to the abdomen. 6. During fixed flight the fibrillar muscles are usually activated at greater rates at the initiation of flight than later in flight, but the spike frequency and thus heat production are not varied in response to differences in TA and heating and cooling rates. 7. During fixed flight TTh is not regulated at specific set-points; TTh appears to vary passively in accordance with the physical laws of heating and cooling. 8. Differences in the TTh of bees in free and in fixed flight are discussed with regard to mechanisms of thermoregulation.

Physiology and Energetics of Pre-Flight Warm-Up in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth Malacosoma Americanum

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-135
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY ◽  
JERI R. HEGEL ◽  
CHARLENE S. BUSER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Head Temperature ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Thoracic temperature (Tth) during pre-flight warm-up increased linearly with time at all air temperatures (Ta). The rate of pre-flight warm-up increased from 3.3 to 12.7 °C/min between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. Head temperature remained within a few °C of Tth during warm-up, while ventral abdominal temperature remained within a few °C of Ta. Pulsation rate of the dorsal vessel in the thorax increased directly with thoracic temperature. Wing-stroke frequency (n) varied from 15 s−1Tth = 16 °C to 58 s−1 at Tth = 40 °C and was similar at any given Tth between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. While stroke amplitude varied significantly between warm-up and tethered flight, stroke frequency was similar for the two activities in the same Tth range. Calculated rates of heat production were tightly coupled to Tth and did not vary with Ta. The change in heat production during warm-up was dependent entirely on changes in frequency of muscle contraction. Stroke work was constant at 0.68 mW between Tth of 15 and 40 °C.

Thermoregulation in Small Flies (Syrphus Sp.): Basking and Shivering

1975 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
CURT PANTLE
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Vibration Frequencies ◽  
Wing Beat ◽  
Hovering Flight ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Vibration Rate

1. Flies of the genus Syrphus aggregated at specific sites in the field (‘lecks’). Flies at leeks were always capable of ‘instant’ take-of, even at ambient temperatures of 10 °C or less. 2. The flies regulated their thoracic temperature by a combination of basking and shivering. During hovering flight in sunshine thoracic temperature rose 12–14 °C above the ambient temperature. 3. The flies engaged in frequent brief chases while at the lecks. 4. At an air temperature > 18 °C the flies at the leck remained in hovering flight most of the time. 5. The vibration frequencies of the thorax during shivering and flight ranged from about 100 to 200 Hz at 10–27 °C, though at a given temperature and spike frequency the vibration rate during warm-up was higher than the wing-beat frequency (assumed to be the same as thoracic vibration frequency) during flight. 6. During shivering, but not in flight, there is a tendency for the indirect flight muscles to be activated in synchrony.

scholarly journals Estimation of sensible and latent heat based on measurements for non-typical large room

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 00085
Author(s):  
Sylwia Szczęśniak ◽  
Juliusz Walaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Heating And Cooling Load

The knowledge about dynamic changing heating and cooling load in existing building is essential for proper energy management. Whenever existing building is analyzed or ventilation system is going optimized, it’s essential to estimate temporary sensible and latent heat based on historical data. The basic conditions for heat calculations are quasi-stable thermal conditions. If supply air temperature significantly varies in short time, what happens very often, the calculations can give untrue results. The procedure described in this article improves usability of measured data affected by rapid supply air temperature changing. Therefore real sensible and latent heat can be calculated, what it is important for future optimization process. Specified, on the basis of varying supply and exhaust air temperatures, thermal loads range from -55.8 kW to 40.7 kW was substitute to more authentic range from -14.1 kW to 51.2 kW received from the conducted simulations. In addition, the data obtained from the simulation showed that latent heat gains were associated with the air temperature in the room, and not with the operation mode of the ventilation unit (day/night) as observed on the basis of historical data.

An Analysis of Pre-Flight Warm-Up in the Sphinx Moth, Manduca Sexta

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
GEORGE A. BARTHOLOMEW
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Wing Vibration ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The physiology of pre-flight warm-up in Manduca sexta was analysed with regard to rate of heat production, regional partitioning of heat between thorax and abdomen, and the control of blood circulation. 1. When moths which have come to equilibrium with ambient temperature undergo pre-flight warm-up, the thoracic temperature increases linearly until flight temperature (37-39 °C) is approached. 2. The rate of increase in thoracic temperature during warm-up increases directly with ambient temperature from about 2 °C/min at 15 °C to about 7.6 °C/min at 30 °C. 3. The temperature of the abdomen remains near ambient throughout the period of warm-up, but during the initial part of post-flight cooling while thoracic temperature declines sharply abdominal temperatures rise appreciably. 4. During warm-up the rate of wing vibration increases linearly with thoracic temperature. At a thoracic temperature of 15 °C the rate is about 8/sec and at 35 °C it is about 25/sec. 5. When resting animals are held by the legs they at once begin to beat their wings through a wide angle. These wing beats at any given thoracic temperature are slower than the wing vibrations characteristic of normal warm-up, but they cause thoracic temperature to increase at almost the normal rate. 6. The removal of thoracic scales causes a decrease in rate of warm-up, but in still air this does not prevent the moths from reaching flight temperature. 7. During cooling the rate of decrease in thoracic temperature is greater in live animals than in freshly killed ones. At any given difference between thoracic and ambient temperatures cooling rates are directly related to thoracic temperature. 8. In resting moths heart pulsations are usually variable with regard to rate, amplitude, rhythm, and sometimes direction, but the records of cardiac activity simultaneously obtained from thorax and abdomen show close correspondence. 9. During warm-up the records of changes in impedance from electrodes in the abdomen indicate that pulsations of the abdominal heart are either absent, greatly reduced, or at a frequency different from that simultaneously recorded from the thorax. 10. The calculated rate of heat production during warm-up is linearly related to thoracic temperature. 11. Our data are consistent with the assumption that heat produced in the thorax during warm-up is sequestered there by reduction in blood circulation between thorax and abdomen. 12. Rates of warm-up in insects are close to the values predicted on the basis of body weight from data on heterothermic birds and animals.

The effect of milk given at various temperatures on the oxygen consumption of young calves

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Cool Liquid ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Before And After

SUMMARY1. Measurements of oxygen consumption and rectal temperature were made on young female calves at air temperatures of 9° and 20°C, before and after 4·5 kg milk was drunk at 23° and 39°C.2. When cool milk (23°C) was drunk at an air temperature of 9°C, vigorous shivering occurred, and during the 2-hr period after feeding, oxygen consumption was significantly higher than in the three other treatments.3. In all other treatments oxygen consumption increased considerably during the 30-min period which included drinking activity; the average increment, when no thermo-regulatory shivering occurred, was 1·9 ml O2 min−1kg−1.4. It was estimated that the 58 kcal ‘heat of warming’ required by milk at 23°C drunk at an air temperature of 9°C could be accounted for by the increment in heat production during the 2 hr after feeding and the fall in rectal temperature of 0-2-0-3°C which persisted after feeding in this treatment. These calculations suggested that the effect of a cool liquid on the energy balance of an animal would be less than that predicted from the ‘heat of warming’ required by the cool liquid.

Influence of air humidity on the partition of heat exchanges of cattle

1972 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. McLean ◽  
D. T. Calvert
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Total Heat Loss ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Heat Exchanges

SUMMARYThe balance between heat production and heat loss and the partition of heat exchanges of cattle in relation to air humidity has been studied at two different air temperatures using a direct (gradient-layer) calorimeter.Increasing humidity at 35 °C air temperature caused no significant change in heat production or in the level of total heat loss finally attained, but body temperature and respiratory activity were both increased.Increasing humidity at 15 °C air temperature caused a small reduction in heat loss by evaporation but had no effect on sensible heat loss, body temperature or respiratory frequency.Heat loss by evaporation amounted to 18% of the total heat loss at 15 °C and to 84% at 35 °C.Heat loss by respiratory evaporation amounted to 54% of the total evaporative heat loss at 15 °C and to 38% at 35 °C.

Rate of metabolic heat production and rectal temperature of steers exposed to simulated mud and rain conditions

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Bruce A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference

Rate of metabolic heat production and rectal temperature were measured in steers (n = 4) standing in 0 (control), 10, 25 and 50 cm of water and in steers standing in 50 cm of water that were also showered. The measurements were done at air temperatures of 0 and 15 °C. There was no significant difference in the rate of metabolic heat production of the steers due to the two air temperatures. However, there was an increase in the rate of metabolic heat production of steers that stood in 50 cm water and were showered; by 39–56% over control steers. Rectal temperature was not affected by either air temperature or treatment. Key words: Steers, mud, rain, heat production, rectal temperature

Effects of Ambient Temperature on Warm-Up in the Moth Hyalophora Cecropia

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-507
Author(s):  
GEORGE A. BARTHOLOMEW ◽  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Logarithmic Plot ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Straight Lines

The rates of pre-flight warm-up in adult Hyalophora cecropia (mean weight 3.10g) were measured 24-36 h after eclosion at 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C in still air. 1. The rate of thoracic warm-up increased linearly with ambient temperature, averaging 2.6 °C/min at 15 °C and 6.5 °C/min at 30 °C. 2. Thoracic temperatures typically reached 37-39 °C while abdominal temperatures rarely rose more than 3 °C above ambient. 3. The cooling curves of the thorax at 15° and 25 °C were straight lines and had similar slopes on a semi-logarithmic plot. 4. Our data are compatible with the idea that heat production is dependent on thoracic temperature, and are incompatible with the theory that it depends on the difference between thoracic and ambient temperatures.

Simultaneous control of head and thoracic temperature by the green darner dragonfly Anax junius (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (11) ◽  
pp. 2373-2384 ◽  
Author(s):  
M May
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Additional Mechanism ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Anax Junius ◽  
Thermal Window ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Head Temperature

Anax junius is a large dragonfly that regulates thoracic temperature (Tth) during flight. This species, like several other intermittently endothermic insects, achieves control of Tth at least in part by increasing circulation of hemolymph to the abdomen at high air temperature (Ta), thus facilitating heat loss from the thorax. In this paper, I demonstrate that heat transfer to the head is also under active control, very probably owing to temperature-sensitive alteration of hemolymph circulation. As a result, head temperature (Th) is strikingly elevated above Ta during endothermic warm-up and flight. Furthermore, during unrestrained flight in the field, Th is regulated actively by increasing hemolymph circulation from the warm thorax at low Ta. Concurrent measurements of abdominal temperature (Tab) confirm that the abdomen is used as a 'thermal window' at Ta>30 °C but apparently not at lower Ta; thus, some additional mechanism(s) must exist for regulation of Tth at low Ta.

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