Effects of Ambient Temperature on Warm-Up in the Moth Hyalophora Cecropia

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-507
Author(s):  
GEORGE A. BARTHOLOMEW ◽  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Cooling Curves ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Logarithmic Plot ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Hyalophora Cecropia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Straight Lines

The rates of pre-flight warm-up in adult Hyalophora cecropia (mean weight 3.10g) were measured 24-36 h after eclosion at 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C in still air. 1. The rate of thoracic warm-up increased linearly with ambient temperature, averaging 2.6 °C/min at 15 °C and 6.5 °C/min at 30 °C. 2. Thoracic temperatures typically reached 37-39 °C while abdominal temperatures rarely rose more than 3 °C above ambient. 3. The cooling curves of the thorax at 15° and 25 °C were straight lines and had similar slopes on a semi-logarithmic plot. 4. Our data are compatible with the idea that heat production is dependent on thoracic temperature, and are incompatible with the theory that it depends on the difference between thoracic and ambient temperatures.

An Analysis of Pre-Flight Warm-Up in the Sphinx Moth, Manduca Sexta

1971 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
GEORGE A. BARTHOLOMEW
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Cardiac Activity ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Wing Vibration ◽  
Rate Of Increase

The physiology of pre-flight warm-up in Manduca sexta was analysed with regard to rate of heat production, regional partitioning of heat between thorax and abdomen, and the control of blood circulation. 1. When moths which have come to equilibrium with ambient temperature undergo pre-flight warm-up, the thoracic temperature increases linearly until flight temperature (37-39 °C) is approached. 2. The rate of increase in thoracic temperature during warm-up increases directly with ambient temperature from about 2 °C/min at 15 °C to about 7.6 °C/min at 30 °C. 3. The temperature of the abdomen remains near ambient throughout the period of warm-up, but during the initial part of post-flight cooling while thoracic temperature declines sharply abdominal temperatures rise appreciably. 4. During warm-up the rate of wing vibration increases linearly with thoracic temperature. At a thoracic temperature of 15 °C the rate is about 8/sec and at 35 °C it is about 25/sec. 5. When resting animals are held by the legs they at once begin to beat their wings through a wide angle. These wing beats at any given thoracic temperature are slower than the wing vibrations characteristic of normal warm-up, but they cause thoracic temperature to increase at almost the normal rate. 6. The removal of thoracic scales causes a decrease in rate of warm-up, but in still air this does not prevent the moths from reaching flight temperature. 7. During cooling the rate of decrease in thoracic temperature is greater in live animals than in freshly killed ones. At any given difference between thoracic and ambient temperatures cooling rates are directly related to thoracic temperature. 8. In resting moths heart pulsations are usually variable with regard to rate, amplitude, rhythm, and sometimes direction, but the records of cardiac activity simultaneously obtained from thorax and abdomen show close correspondence. 9. During warm-up the records of changes in impedance from electrodes in the abdomen indicate that pulsations of the abdominal heart are either absent, greatly reduced, or at a frequency different from that simultaneously recorded from the thorax. 10. The calculated rate of heat production during warm-up is linearly related to thoracic temperature. 11. Our data are consistent with the assumption that heat produced in the thorax during warm-up is sequestered there by reduction in blood circulation between thorax and abdomen. 12. Rates of warm-up in insects are close to the values predicted on the basis of body weight from data on heterothermic birds and animals.

Activation of the Fibrillar Muscles in the Bumblebee During Warm-Up, Stabilization of Thoracic Temperature and Flight

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-688
Author(s):  
BERND HEINRICH ◽  
ANN E. KAMMER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Spike Frequency ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Flight Muscles ◽  
Frequency Of Action Potentials ◽  
Physical Laws

1. Extracellular action potentials and thoracic temperatures (TTh) were simultaneously recorded from the fibrillar flight muscles of Bombus vosnesenskii queens during preflight warm-up, during stabilization of TTh in stationary bees, and during fixed flight. 2. In most stationary bees during warm-up and during the stabilization of TTh the rate of heat production, as calculated from thoracic temperature and passive rates of cooling, is directly related to the frequency of action potentials in the muscles. 3. The rate of heat production increases throughout warm-up primarily because of a greater spike frequency at higher TTh. 4. In stationary bees during the stabilization of TTh at different ambient temperatures (TA) the fibrillar muscles are activated by any in a continuous range of spike frequencies, rather than only by on-off responses. 5. Regulation of TTh in stationary bees may involve not only changes in the rate of heat production but also variations of heat transfer from the thorax to the abdomen. 6. During fixed flight the fibrillar muscles are usually activated at greater rates at the initiation of flight than later in flight, but the spike frequency and thus heat production are not varied in response to differences in TA and heating and cooling rates. 7. During fixed flight TTh is not regulated at specific set-points; TTh appears to vary passively in accordance with the physical laws of heating and cooling. 8. Differences in the TTh of bees in free and in fixed flight are discussed with regard to mechanisms of thermoregulation.

Thermoregulation of African and European Honeybees during Foraging, Attack, and Hive Exits and Returns

1979 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEINRICH BERND
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature

1. While foraging, attacking, or leaving or returning to their hives, both the African and European honeybees maintained their thoracic temperature at 30 °C or above, independent of ambient temperature from 7 to 23 °C (in shade). 2. Thoracic temperatures were not significantly different between African and European bees. 3. Thoracic temperatures were significantly different during different activities. Average thoracic temperatures (at ambient temperatures of 8–23 °C) were lowest (30 °C) in bees turning to the hive. They were 31–32 °C during foraging, and 36–38 °C in bees leaving the hive, and in those attacking. The bees thus warm up above their temperature in the hive (32 °C) before leaving the colony. 4. In the laboratory the bees (European) did not maintain the minimum thoracic temperature for continuous flight (27 °C) at 10 °C. When forced to remain in continuous flight for at least 2 min, thoracic temperature averaged 15 °C above ambient temperature from 15 to 25 °C, and was regulated only at high ambient temperatures (30–40 °C). 5. At ambient temperatures > 25 °C, the bees heated up during return to the hive, attack and foraging above the thoracic temperatures they regulated at low ambient temperatures to near the temperatures they regulated during continuous flight. 6. In both African and European bees, attack behaviour and high thoracic temperature are correlated. 7. The data suggest that the bees regulate thoracic temperature by both behavioural and physiological means. It can be inferred that the African bees have a higher metabolic rate than the European, but their smaller size, which facilitates more rapid heat loss, results in similar thoracic temperatures.

Energy utilization in the laying hen in relation to ambient temperature

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Davis ◽  
O. E. M. Hassan ◽  
A. H. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoneutral Zone ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Energy Balances

SummaryEnergy balances have been determined, using the comparative slaughter procedure, over 3-week periods on groups of laying hens kept at ambient temperatures of 7·2, 15·6, 23·9, 29·4 and 35 °C.Energy intake declined as the environment became warmer (kcal ME/kg¾/day = 203· 1·13°C); heat production, as measured by the difference between energy intake and energy retention, also declined with increasing ambient temperature (kcal/kg¾/day = 151 – 1·11°C). There was a linear relationship between heat production and ambient temperature with no thermoneutral zone or critical temperature.The energy available for egg production remained almost constant at 50 kcal/kg¾/day equivalent to a rate of egg production of 82% at each ambient temperature.

scholarly journals ENDOTHERMY IN THE SOLITARY BEE ANTHOPHORA PLUMIPES: INDEPENDENT MEASURES OF THERMOREGULATORY ABILITY, COSTS OF WARM-UP AND THE ROLE OF BODY SIZE

1993 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Solitary Bee ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thoracic Temperature

1. This study examines variation in thoracic temperatures, rates of pre-flight warm-up and heat loss in the solitary bee Anthophora plumipes (Hymenoptera; Anthophoridae). 2. Thoracic temperatures were measured both during free flight in the field and during tethered flight in the laboratory, over a range of ambient temperatures. These two techniques give independent measures of thermoregulatory ability. In terms of the gradient of thoracic temperature on ambient temperature, thermoregulation by A. plumipes is more effective before flight than during flight. 3. Warm-up rates and body temperatures correlate positively with body mass, while mass-specific rates of heat loss correlate negatively with body mass. Larger bees are significantly more likely to achieve flight temperatures at low ambient temperatures. 4. Simultaneous measurement of thoracic and abdominal temperatures shows that A. plumipes is capable of regulating heat flow between thorax and abdomen. Accelerated thoracic cooling is only demonstrated at high ambient temperatures. 5. Anthophora plumipes is able to fly at low ambient temperatures by tolerating thoracic temperatures as low as 25 sC, reducing the metabolic expense of endothermic activity. 6. Rates of heat generation and loss are used to calculate the thermal power generated by A. plumipes and the total energetic cost of warm-up under different thermal conditions. The power generated increases with thoracic temperature excess and ambient temperature. The total cost of warm-up correlates negatively with ambient temperature.

Responses of young calves to low ambient temperatures at two levels of feeding

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Schrama ◽  
A. Arieli ◽  
M. J. W. Heetkamp ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

AbstractSeven groups of five or six Holstein-Friesian male calves were transported to an experimental farm at 2 to 3 days of age. At 6 days of age, heat production (HP) and metabolizable energy (ME) intake were measured for an 8-day period. During this period, calves were exposed to various ambient temperatures: 6, 9, 12 and 15°C. Ambient temperature was constant within days, but changed between days. Calves were fed below (four groups) or near (three groups) the maintenance requirements (290 or 460 kJ ME per kg M0·75 per day).From 6 to 14 days of age the lower critical temperature (Tc) was 12·5°C and HP increased by 8·4 kJ/kg M0·75 per day per °Cfall in ambient temperature below Tc. Both Tc and increase in HP below Tc were not affected by feeding level. Rectal temperature was lower at low ambient temperatures. The decrease in rectal temperature with ambient temperature was greatest at the low feeding level.During the experimental period, calves were not in a steady-state regarding energy metabolism. Heat production decreased with time. This decrease was affected by feeding level and ambient temperature. After arrival, the influence of both ambient temperature and feeding level on the energy metabolism of young calves increased with time.

Contribution of shivering in leg muscles to heat production in Japanese quail

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 889-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Don Stevens ◽  
J. Ferguson ◽  
V. G. Thomas ◽  
E. Hohtola
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Flight Muscles

We estimated heat production in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by measuring oxygen uptake using open-circuit respirometry as ambient temperature was decreased gradually from 26 to 3.5 °C. At the same time, the intensity of shivering was estimated in both the leg muscles and the flight muscles by measuring electromyograms. Metabolic heat production increased in a linear fashion as ambient temperature decreased. Shivering intensity increased at the same linear rate in the leg muscles as in the flight muscles as ambient temperature decreased. The leg muscles produce a substantial fraction (about 1/4) of the total shivering heat production at low ambient temperatures. Shivering occurred in bursts; the onset of a burst in the leg muscles was precisely synchronized with the onset of a burst in the flight muscles.

Temperature regulation and cold acclimation in the golden hamster

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

Characteristics of cold acclimation in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, were 1) higher metabolic rate at -30 C, 2) less shivering when related to ambient temperature or oxygen consumption, and 3) higher differences in body temperature between cardiac area and thoracic subcutaneous tissues at all ambient temperatures tested, indicating changes in tissue insulation. Cold-acclimated hamsters also showed a rise in temperature of the cardiac area when ambient temperature was below 15 C. Changes in heat distribution in cold-acclimated hamsters suggest higher blood flow and heat production in the thoracic part of the body in the cold. The thermal conductance through the thoracic and lumbar muscle areas, however, did not change notably with lowering ambient temperature. Marked differences in thermoregulatory response to cold after cold acclimation were found between two species, the golden hamster and the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, showing greater ability to regulate body temperature in the cold in hamsters. hibernator; oxygen consumption— heat production; body temperature — heat conductance; muscular activity — shivering; thermoregulation Submitted on July 6, 1964

Physiology and Energetics of Pre-Flight Warm-Up in the Eastern Tent Caterpillar Moth Malacosoma Americanum

1981 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-135
Author(s):  
TIMOTHY M. CASEY ◽  
JERI R. HEGEL ◽  
CHARLENE S. BUSER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Thoracic Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Head Temperature ◽  
Tent Caterpillar

Thoracic temperature (Tth) during pre-flight warm-up increased linearly with time at all air temperatures (Ta). The rate of pre-flight warm-up increased from 3.3 to 12.7 °C/min between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. Head temperature remained within a few °C of Tth during warm-up, while ventral abdominal temperature remained within a few °C of Ta. Pulsation rate of the dorsal vessel in the thorax increased directly with thoracic temperature. Wing-stroke frequency (n) varied from 15 s−1Tth = 16 °C to 58 s−1 at Tth = 40 °C and was similar at any given Tth between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. While stroke amplitude varied significantly between warm-up and tethered flight, stroke frequency was similar for the two activities in the same Tth range. Calculated rates of heat production were tightly coupled to Tth and did not vary with Ta. The change in heat production during warm-up was dependent entirely on changes in frequency of muscle contraction. Stroke work was constant at 0.68 mW between Tth of 15 and 40 °C.

Liver heat production and temperature regulation in the anesthetized dog

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (5) ◽  
pp. R334-R339 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baconnier ◽  
G. Benchetrit ◽  
M. Tanche
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Calorimetric Method ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Physiological Range ◽  
Negative Linear Correlation

Liver heat production (LHP) was measured in the anesthetized dog by a new calorimetric method. Blood flows and temperatures were measured at the same points. The method avoided damage of liver innervation and vascularization. Changes of LHP were investigated under different thermal conditions. Measurements at controlled arterial temperatures within the physiological range showed changes of LHP when arterial temperature was randomly increased or decreased. When measured LHP was compared in experiments carried out at different ambient temperatures, a negative linear correlation was found between LHP and the ambient temperature. It was concluded that liver heat production may be a factor in temperature regulation.

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