A comparison of cold forming, hot forging, and induction bending as methods of producing duplex stainless steel elbows for high-pressure pipework

2008 ◽  
Vol 222 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Collie ◽  
I Black
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Cold Forming

Constitutive Equation Development to Model the Hot Forging of ZERON®100 Super Duplex Stainless Steel and Associated Microstructural Evolution

2016 ◽  
Vol 716 ◽  
pp. 632-642
Author(s):  
Jamie Pennington ◽  
Bradley P. Wynne ◽  
Glenn Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Constitutive Equation ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Uniaxial Compression Test ◽  
Super Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Secondary Austenite ◽  
Nitride Precipitation

A constitutive equation of flow stress based on the Norton-Hoff equation has been developed for the high chromium and nitrogen containing super duplex stainless steel, ZERON® 100 (UNS S32760). This was then used to model, using the finite element method, the strain distribution within a uniaxial compression test under typical two-phase forging conditions. Predictions from the model were used to correlate deformation history to microstructure morphology. The microstructure consisted of austenite, γ islands (both primary and secondary) within a ferrite, δ matrix that contained chromium nitride precipitates. For deformation temperatures of 1050°C and 1120°C, the small secondary austenite was equiaxed, whilst at 1280°C the secondary austenite exhibited a Widmanstätten morphology. The highest level of nitride precipitation occurred at the highest deformation temperatures, i.e. highest volume fraction of ferrite, independent of strain rate. This suggests that nitride precipitation appears to be driven to a greater extent by thermal factors than deformation substructure.

Formable Duplex Stainless Steel for High Pressure GPHE Applications

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Groth ◽  
Chang-Ching Sun ◽  
Hailan He ◽  
Li Guan ◽  
Erik Schedin
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Steel Grade ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Plate Heat ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Steel Grades

The high-pressure applications of traditional Gasket Plate Heat Exchangers (GPHE) are limited by the sheet material, gasket material and the design of the GPHE. The newly developed stainless steel grade UNS S82031 (EN 1.4637) is a duplex stainless steel grade with improved formability compared to other duplex stainless steel grades. It can be used in forming intensive applications, such as in typical chevron corrugated-plate heat exchangers. Compared to the standard austenitic stainless steel grades typically used, the new duplex stainless steel increases the application performance of GPHE applications, such as maintaining higher working pressures. In this paper, the properties and material behavior of UNS S82031 is compared with the standard austenitic stainless steel UNS S30400 (EN 1.4301) in a pressure test at different working pressures. The pressure test is used to evaluate the performance of the selected material for a GPHE application. The experimental test results are compared with Finite Element (FE) simulation of the same pressure test, to achieve a deeper understanding of the results. The results show that plates made of UNS S82031 can withstand significantly higher working pressures than UNS S30400 for the same PHE-design, proving the new duplex stainless steel UNS S82031 is more suitable for high pressure GPHE applications.

Investigations on cold-forming effect of cold-drawn duplex stainless steel tubular sections

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 81-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachang Wang ◽  
Ganping Shu ◽  
Baofeng Zheng ◽  
Qinlin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Cold Forming ◽  
Tubular Sections

scholarly journals Microstructural and Hardness Evolution in a Duplex Stainless Steel Processed by High-Pressure Torsion

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1138
Author(s):  
Ming Ma ◽  
Hua Ding ◽  
Yi Huang ◽  
Cheng Wei Tian ◽  
Terence G. Langdon
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Austenite Phase ◽  
Dislocation Slip ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Average Width

The duplex stainless steel 2205, designated DSS2205 and having a duplex structure comprising ferrite and austenite phases, was processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) and the microstructural and hardness evolutions were investigated after various HPT revolutions and at different positions within the specimens. The results show that the grain refinement induced by severe deformation processing is different in the ferrite and austenite phases such that the ferrite grains are refined via dislocation subdivision, whereas grain refinement in the austenite phase depends mainly on the interaction of dislocations and twin boundaries at relatively low strains. When the numbers of revolutions increases, the grain refinement in austenite restricts the occurrence of deformation twinning so that dislocation slip becomes dominant. During HPT processing, the effect of the phase boundaries on the mechanical properties of the alloy is very significant. The results show the average width between two adjacent phases and the hardness of the alloy are generally consistent with the classical Hall–Petch relationship.

Nanoindentation Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Ferrite and Austenite in Duplex Stainless Steel

2007 ◽  
Vol 26-28 ◽  
pp. 1165-1170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Fang Wang ◽  
Xiao Ping Yang ◽  
Zhen Dan Guo ◽  
Yin Chang Zhou ◽  
Hong Wei Song
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Hot Forging ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Cast Sample ◽  
The Difference

The mechanical properties of as-cast and hot-forging duplex stainless steel samples with the same compositions were characterized by nanoindentation. The effect of surface treating method and working state of the sample on the nanoindentation results of ferrite and austenite were discussed. The results show that the Young’s modulus and hardness of ferrite and austenite may be affected by the treating method of sample surface. The difference of Young’s modulus average of ferrite or austenite between as-cast and hot-forging duplex stainless steel samples is not great, but the hardness average of ferrite or austenite in hot-forging sample is obviously higher than those of as-cast sample. The difference of hardness between ferrite and austenite in the same sample is not great, but the young’s modulus of ferrite is higher than that of austenite.

Factors Influencing the Shearing Patterns in High-Pressure Torsion

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Huang ◽  
Megumi Kawasaki ◽  
Terence G. Langdon
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
High Pressure Torsion ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Model Material ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Factors Influencing

High-pressure torsion (HPT) is a processing technique in which samples are subjected to a high pressure and torsional straining. Experiments show that the shearing patterns in HPT are dependent upon the alignment of the anvils within the HPT facility. Using a two-phase duplex stainless steel as a model material, experiments were conducted by placing the anvils in different amounts of initial misalignment. The results demonstrate the importance of always ensuring that the upper and lower anvils are in good alignment prior to HPT processing.

Cavitation Erosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steel under High-Pressure Jet

2019 ◽  
Vol 950 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Hai Song Xu ◽  
Qiang Dong
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Cavitation Erosion ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometer ◽  
Erosion Area ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
Electron Back Scattered Diffraction

Cavitation erosion (CE) behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) under high pressure was investigated by using water jet apparatus, which designed according to ASTM G134-95. The effects of the nozzle diameter and target distance on mass loss were analyzed. The CE behavior of 2205 DSS was evaluated by cumulative mass loss with time, and the incubation period and the CE rate were calculated by fitting results. From the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, it is found that the surface of 2205 DSS was damaged slightly during the CE incubation period and eroded dramatically in the accelaration stage. The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results showed that the Ni content in the erosion area appeared obviously lower in comparison with the non-erosion area. Meanwhile, the content of Ni in ferrite was also detected to be clearly lower than in austenite with electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) and EDS mapping techniques. Therefore, it could be concluded that CE take place selectively on the 2205 DSS surface, the damages were initiated and progressed in ferrite phase prior to in austenite phase.

Corrosion Characteristics of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel in High Temperature and High Pressure Environment Containing H2S/CO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 236-237 ◽  
pp. 95-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Qi Zheng ◽  
Chang Feng Chen ◽  
Li Qiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
2205 Duplex Stainless Steel ◽  
Α Phase ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Sulfide Content ◽  
High Pressure Environment

The corrosion characteristics of 2205 duplex stainless steel in high- temperature and high-pressure (HT and HP) environments containing H2S/CO2 are investigated in this paper. After corroded 720 hours in the condition of 3.5 MPa H2S, 3.5 MPa CO2, 205°C, 15% NaCl and a sulfide content of 3g/L, one layer of comparably thick corrosion product are formed on the surface of the specimens. The corrosion products, which are relatively porous, lose its protection to the matrix. Lots of pitting are found on the surface of the steel and intercrystalline fracture and transcrystalline fracture are generated in the bottom of the pitting, which indicates its high sensitivity to stress corrosion crack (SSC). Also, the phenomenon of selective corrosion, a priority corrosion of α phase and minor corrosion or non-corrosion of γ phase, is observed after the corrosion process.

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