SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND DYEING PERFORMANCE OF MONO AZO DISPERSE DYES BASED ON 2-AMINO 5-(4'-NITRO PHENYL) 1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE MOIETY

In this paper synthesis of some new mono azo disperse dyes based on 2-amino 5-(4'-nitro phenyl) 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety has been reported. Preparation of mono azo disperse dyes via condensation and nally diazotization of substituted primary amine and condensed with N-(4-(4'-chlorophenyl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-((5-(4'-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)acetamide (RR) to 1 give a series of mono azo dyes (RR -RR ). All the dyes were characterized by IR, H NMR, UV-Visible and elemental analysis and their dyeing 1 15 performance evaluated using High Temperature High Pressure method (HTHP) at 130°C on polyester fabric. All dyes gave good to excellent fastness properties.

Pore pressure prediction in Niger Delta high pressure, high temperature (HP/HT) domains using well logs and 3D seismic data: a case study of X-field, onshore Niger Delta

Few wells targeting high temperature, high pressure intervals in most tertiary sedimentary basins have achieved their objective in terms of technicalities and cost. Since most shallow targets have been drilled, exploration focus is drifting into deeper plays both onshore and in deep offshore areas. To ensure safe and economic drilling campaigns, pore pressure prediction methodologies used in the region needs to be improved. The research aims at generating and testing a modification of Eaton’s equation fit for high temperature, high pressure intervals on a field. The evolution of pore pressure in the field was established from offset well data by making several crossplots, and fracture gradient was computed using Mathew and Kelly’s equation. Eaton’s equation parameters were then calibrated using several wells until a desired field scale result was achieved when compared with information from already drilled intervals i.e., kicks and RFT data. Seismic velocity data resulting from high density, high resolution velocity analysis done to target deep overpressured intervals were then used to predict 1D pore pressure models at six selected prospect locations. Analyses reveal depths shallower than 3800 m TVD/MSL with geothermal gradient 3.0 °C/100 m and pressure gradient less than 1.50sg EMW are affected mainly by undercompaction; depths greater than 3800 m TVD/MSL with geothermal gradient of 4.1 °C/10 m and pressure gradients reaching 1.82–2.12sg EMW are affected by unloading with a narrow drilling margin for the deep highly pressured prospect intervals. Eaton’s n-exponent was modified to 6, and it proved accurate in predicting high overpressure in the first prospect wells drilled.

Research on Calculation Method of Density and Rheology of High-Temperature High-Pressure Drilling Fluid

With the strengthening of exploration and development of deep strata and offshore oil and gas resources, more and more deep wells and deep-water wells have put forward higher requirements for drilling fluid performance. The high-temperature high-pressure of deep well and the low temperature environment of deep well have important influence on the rheology and density of drilling fluid. A new method for calculating the rheology and density of high -temperature high-pressure (HTHP) drilling fluid is proposed and studied in this paper. In this paper, the HTHP rheological data are used to predict the shear stress under different shear rates, and then the wellbore rheological parameters are predicted and analyzed. For the calculation of drilling fluid density, the classical component method static density calculation model established by Hoberock model based on drilling fluid components is analyzed and improved in this paper. The obtained model predicts that the maximum absolute error of drilling fluid density under different temperature and pressure is 0.02 g/cm3, and the absolute error is controlled within 2 %.