On the use of laser-induced fluorescence for the measurement of in-cylinder air—fuel ratios

2002 ◽  
Vol 216 (10) ◽  
pp. 1017-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
G de Sercey ◽  
M Heikal ◽  
M Gold ◽  
S Begg ◽  
R Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Induced Fluorescence ◽  
Tracer Concentration ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Structured Approach

This paper presents the development of a new strategy for the calibration of air-fuel ratio measurements in engines by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). After a brief introduction to the LIF technique, the paper highlights the structured approach undertaken to ensure that accurate quantitative measurements were produced. In particular, the new approach to coping with the fluorescence dependency on pressure and temperature, the issues related to the choice of a fluorescence tracer, the careful determination of the optimum tracer concentration and the complete calibration methodology are described, together with the resolution of some of the obstacles encountered. The paper concludes with some examples of calibrated measurements accompanied by a comparison of the results with combustion and emission performances. These results show a very good correlation.

scholarly journals Dynamic Phasors Estimation Based on Taylor-Fourier Expansion and Gram Matrix Representation

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Predrag Petrović ◽  
Nada Damljanović
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Representation ◽  
Series Representation ◽  
Gram Matrix ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Dynamic Phasors ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Analytical Expressions ◽  
Numerical Complexity ◽  
Algebra Of Matrices

The paper presents a new approach to estimation of the dynamic power phasors parameters. The observed system is modelled in algebra of matrices related to its Taylor-Fourier-trigonometric series representation. The proposed algorithm for determination of the unknown phasors parameters is based on the analytical expressions for elements of the Gram’s matrix associated with this system. The numerical complexity and algorithm time are determined and it is shown that new strategy for calculation of Gram’s matrix increases the accuracy of estimation, as well as the speed of the algorithm with respect to the classical way of introducing the Gram’s matrix. Several simulation examples of power system signals with a time-varying amplitude and phase parameters are given by which the robustness and accuracy of the new algorithm are confirmed.

A New Approach to the Study of Glucosinolates by Isocratic Liquid Chromatography. Part I. Rapid Determination of Desulfated Derivatives of Rapeseed Glucosinolates

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 932-939
Author(s):  
Alain Quinsac ◽  
Daniel Ribaillier ◽  
Claire Elfakir ◽  
Michel Lafosse ◽  
Michel Dreux
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Determination ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis of desulfated derivatives of rapeseed glucosinolates has been carried out under isocratic elution conditions with different CN-bonded stationary phases. The effects of the eluant composition (water, acetonitrile, and methanol) with the stationary phase (Zorbax CN, Lichrospher CN, and Ultrasphere CN) and temperature (20 and 50°C) are described. An isocratic LC method performed at room temperature using a Lichrospher CN column and water as mobile phase is proposed. The chromatographic analysis can be done in less than 12 min, and it is easier and less expensive than the traditional gradient mode. Four commercial samples of rapeseed containing various quantities of other cruciferous seeds (wild mustard and stinkweed) as an admixture have been analyzed to determine the total giucosinolate content. Relative standard deviations of repeatability of the isocratic and gradient LC methods ranged from 0.4 to 1.7% and from 2.7 to 4.7%, respectively. Comparison of the results showed good agreement between the 2 methods (better than 98%).

The Dudley Lee Case: A new approach to factual causation and its implications for transformative jurisprudence

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 273-289
Author(s):  
Anmari Meerkotter
Keyword(s):  
Case Note ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
New Approach ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
The Law ◽  
Transformative Impact ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence ◽  
Law Of Delict

The Constitutional Court (CC) judgment of Lee v Minister of Correction Services 2013 2SA 144 (CC) is a recent contribution to transformative constitutional jurisprudence in the field of the law of delict. This matter turned on the issue of factual causation in the context of wrongful and negligent systemic omissions by the state. In this case note, I explore the law relating to this element of delictual liability with specific regard to the traditional test for factual causation – the conditio sine qua non (‘but-for’) test. In particular, I note the problems occasioned by formalistic adherence to this test in the context of systemic state omissions as evidenced by the SCA judgment in the same matter. I also consider the manner in which English courts have addressed this problem. Thereafter, I analyse the CC’s broader approach to the determination of factual causation as one based on common sense and justice. I argue that this approach endorses a break from a formalistic application of the test and constitutes a step towards an approach which resonates with the foundational constitutional values of freedom, dignity and equality. Furthermore, it presents an appropriate solution to the problems associated with factual causation where systemic omissions are concerned. I then consider the transformative impact of the Lee judgment. In particular, I argue that the broader enquiry favoured by the CC facilitates the realisation of constitutionally guaranteed state accountability, and amounts to an extension of the existing norm of accountability jurisprudence. Hence, I contend that the judgment presents a further effort by the Constitutional Court to effect wholesale the constitutionalisation of the law of delict, as well as a vindicatory tool to be used by litigants who have been adversely affected by systemic state omissions.

On-Surface Radical Oligomerisation: A New Approach to STM Tip-Induced Reactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaolei Zhan ◽  
Younes Makoudi ◽  
Judicael Jeannoutot ◽  
Simon Lamare ◽  
Michel Féron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Surface ◽  
Scanning Tunnelling Microscope ◽  
Transfer Event ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Organic Nanostructures ◽  
Scanning Tunnelling ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Surface Fabrication ◽  
And Control

Over the past decade, on-surface fabrication of organic nanostructures has been widely investigated for the development of molecular electronic devices, nanomachines, and new materials. Here, we introduce a new strategy to obtain alkyl oligomers in a controlled manner using on-surface radical oligomerisations that are triggered by the electrons/holes between the sample surface and the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope. The resulting radical-mediated mechanism is substantiated by a detailed theoretical study. This electron transfer event only occurs when <i>V</i><sub>s</sub> < -3 V or <i>V</i><sub>s</sub> > + 3 V and allows access to reactive radical species under exceptionally mild conditions. This transfer can effectively ‘switch on’ a sequence leading to formation of oligomers of defined size distribution due to the on-surface confinement of reactive species. Our approach enables new ways to initiate and control radical oligomerisations with tunnelling electrons, leading to molecularly precise nanofabrication.

Automatic Determination of Optimal FIB Operations for Improved Circuit Probing and Fast Reconfiguration

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Desplats ◽  
Timothee Dargnies ◽  
Jean-Christophe Courrege ◽  
Philippe Perdu ◽  
Jean-Louis Noullet
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Front Side ◽  
Automatic Determination ◽  
Metal Line ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Metal Layers

Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tools are widely used for Integrated Circuit (IC) debug and repair. With the increasing density of recent semiconductor devices, FIB operations are increasingly challenged, requiring access through 4 or more metal layers to reach a metal line of interest. In some cases, accessibility from the front side, through these metal layers, is so limited that backside FIB operations appear to be the most appropriate approach. The questions to be resolved before starting frontside or backside FIB operations on a device are: 1. Is it do-able, are the metal lines accessible? 2. What is the optimal positioning (e.g. accessing a metal 2 line is much faster and easier than digging down to a metal 6 line)? (for the backside) 3. What risk, time and cost are involved in FIB operations? In this paper, we will present a new approach, which allows the FIB user or designer to calculate the optimal FIB operation for debug and IC repair. It automatically selects the fastest and easiest milling and deposition FIB operations.

Features of phosphorus-calcium metabolism in children with neurogenic disorders of urination

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Yu. F. Lobanov ◽  
D. Y. Latyshev ◽  
Ya. F. Zverev ◽  
N. A. Tekuteva ◽  
N. M. Mikheeva
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Calcium Metabolism ◽  
Point System ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
Muscular Dysfunction ◽  
Connective Tissue Dysplasia ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Comparison Of The Results ◽  
Neurogenic Disorders

THE AIM: To study the characteristics of phosphorus-calcium metabolism in patients with neurogenic disorders of urination, taking into account the severity of the manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The study included 90 children, including 60 children with neuro-muscular dysfunction of the bladder (NMDB) and 30 children with enuresis from the age of 5 to 15 years. The diagnosis was established based on a comprehensive examination and according to industry standards. Connective tissue dysplasia was diagnosed in children with the detection of 6 or more small external or visceral manifestations involving 3 or more organs from different systems. Assessment of the severity (severity) of connective tissue dysplasia was carried out according to the point system proposed by T.I. Kadurina et al. Each group was divided into subgroups depending on the severity of the manifestations of connective tissue dysplasia. The determination of the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and urine, as well as the calculation of the calcium-creatinine coefficient followed by a comparison of the results in these groups and subgroups. To assess the significance of differences, the Mann-Whitney test was calculated, p <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS. he level of calcium and phosphorus in the urine was slightly higher in children with enuresis, especially in the morning portion of urine, where the concentration of calcium was 26% higher than in patients with NMDB. At the same time, the value of calcium /creatinine coefficient was significantly higher in the group of patients with enuresis and was 2 times higher than the normative indicators, which indicates the importance of hypercalciuria in the development of enuresis. СONCLUSION. According to the obtained data, the severity of calciuria, determined by the value of the calcium-creatinine coefficient, is significantly higher in patients with enuresis than with NMDB.

scholarly journals New Method for Analysis of the Temporomandibular Joint Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Sebastian Iwaszenko ◽  
Jakub Munk ◽  
Stefan Baron ◽  
Adam Smoliński
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Section Plane ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Volume Of Interest ◽  
Gap Width

Modern dentistry commonly uses a variety of imaging methods to support diagnosis and treatment. Among them, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is particularly useful in presenting head structures, such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The determination of the morphology of the joint is an important part of the diagnosis as well as the monitoring of the treatment results. It can be accomplished by measurement of the TMJ gap width at three selected places, taken at a specific cross-section. This study presents a new approach to these measurements. First, the CBCT images are denoised using curvilinear methods, and the volume of interest is determined. Then, the orientation of the vertical cross-section plane is computed based on segmented axial sections of the TMJ head. Finally, the cross-section plane is used to determine the standardized locations, at which the width of the gap between condyle and fossa is measured. The elaborated method was tested on selected TMJ CBCT scans with satisfactory results. The proposed solution lays the basis for the development of an autonomous method of TMJ index identification.

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