Functional Differentiation in the Spinal Column

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Klein ◽  
D W L Hukins
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Cancellous Bone ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Collagen Concentration ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Vertebral Bodies

The structure of the spine suggests that functional specialisation occurs radially in both the vertebral centra and the intervertebral discs. Vertebrae are covered by a thin layer of cortical bone which is attached to the outer lamellae of the discs. These outer lamellae have a high collagen concentration. Thus the outer margins of both the discs and the vertebral centra are strengthened to withstand the tensile stresses generated by torsion and bending of the spine. Inner lamellae of the disc are attached to cartilage end-plates to form a closed system which can withstand the high pressure generated in the nucleus pulposus during compression of the spine. Compression also deforms the cancellous bone of the vertebrae; the inner regions of the discs and vertebral bodies thus appear to be coupled to form a continuous pressure-bearing column. Blood flow from the cancellous bone provides a possible mechanism for dissipating compressive energy. However under some circumstances compression may fracture the cancellous bone; in contrast the disc is more likely to be damaged by torsion and flexion.

scholarly journals Intervertebral disc homeostasis at normal conditions and during pathology

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-307
Author(s):  
A E Kobyzev
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Metabolic Processes ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Normal Metabolism ◽  
Capillary Zone ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Complex Structural

Intervertebral discs are rather complex structural units of the spine. It is believed that a disturbance of the factors of their homeostasis immediately leads to changes in the bone tissue of the vertebral bodies and, consequently, to pathological changes at the level of the vertebral-motor segment. It follows that the maintenance of normal metabolism within the discs is one of the key directions in the prevention of many clinically important lesions involving the entire vertebral complex. The causes of metabolic processes disorders in the intervertebral disc can be divided into several levels: chronic diseases that directly affect the blood supply to the spinal column as a whole; diseases that affect the permeability of the capillary zone of the subchondral zone of the vertebral bodies; disturbances in the delivery of nutrients into the disc through its matrix, which serves an important selective barrier. However, regardless of the level of the causes of metabolic disorders, all of which eventually lead to anatomical and functional changes in the intervertebral discs and to their subsequent incapacity to provide the daily life cycle of the vertebral complex, consisting of periods of stress and relaxation. Thus, based on the known literature data we can conclude that: the intervertebral discs to date, remain poorly understood elements, however even from a narrow range of studies on this subject it is evident that their functionality is largely dependent on the properties of the disc matrix and the interstitial nature of metabolic processes.

A deep learning system for automated, multi-modality 2D segmentation of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

Bone ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 115972
Author(s):  
Abhinav Suri ◽  
Brandon C. Jones ◽  
Grace Ng ◽  
Nancy Anabaraonye ◽  
Patrick Beyrer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Vertebral Bodies

scholarly journals Minimally invasive debridement and drainage using intraoperative CT-Guide in multilevel spondylodiscitis: a long‐term follow‐up study

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianbiao Xu ◽  
Leiming Zhang ◽  
Rongqiang Bu ◽  
Yankang Liu ◽  
Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Intraoperative Ct ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Adjacent Segments

Abstract Background Spondylodiscitis is an unusual infectious disease, which usually originates as a pathogenic infection of intervertebral discs and then spreads to neighboring vertebral bodies. The objective of this study is to evaluate percutaneous debridement and drainage using intraoperative CT-Guide in multilevel spondylodiscitis. Methods From January 2002 to May 2017, 23 patients with multilevel spondylodiscitis were treated with minimally invasive debridement and drainage procedures in our department. The clinical manifestations, evolution, and minimally invasive debridement and drainage treatment of this refractory vertebral infection were investigated. Results Of the enrolled patients, the operation time ranged from 30 minutes to 124 minutes every level with an average of 48 minutes. Intraoperative hemorrhage was minimal. The postoperative follow-up period ranged from 12 months to 6.5 years with an average of 3.7 years. There was no reactivation of infection in the treated vertebral segment during follow-up, but two patients with fungal spinal infection continued to progress by affecting adjacent segments prior to final resolution. According to the classification system of Macnab, one patient had a good outcome at the final follow-up, and the rest were excellent. Conclusions Minimally invasive percutaneous debridement and irrigation using intraoperative CT-Guide is an effective minimally invasive method for the treatment of multilevel spondylodiscitis.

scholarly journals In VivoSpinal Posture during Upright and Reclined Sitting in an Office Chair

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Zemp ◽  
William R. Taylor ◽  
Silvio Lorenzetti
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Dynamic Seating ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Back Problems ◽  
Office Chair

Increasing numbers of people spend the majority of their working lives seated in an office chair. Musculoskeletal disorders, in particular low back pain, resulting from prolonged static sitting are ubiquitous, but regularly changing sitting position throughout the day is thought to reduce back problems. Nearly all currently available office chairs offer the possibility to alter the backrest reclination angles, but the influence of changing seating positions on the spinal column remains unknown. In an attempt to better understand the potential to adjust or correct spine posture using adjustable seating, five healthy subjects were analysed in an upright and reclined sitting position conducted in an open, upright MRI scanner. The shape of the spine, as described using the vertebral bodies’ coordinates, wedge angles, and curvature angles, showed high inter-subject variability between the two seating positions. The mean lumbar, thoracic, and cervical curvature angles were29±15°,-29±4°, and13±8° for the upright and33±12°,-31±7°, and7±7° for the reclined sitting positions. Thus, a wide range of seating adaptation is possible through modification of chair posture, and dynamic seating options may therefore provide a key feature in reducing or even preventing back pain caused by prolonged static sitting.

scholarly journals Pyogenic and tuberculous discitis: magnetic resonance imaging findings for differential diagnosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Gonzaga de Souza ◽  
Emerson Leandro Gasparetto ◽  
Edson Marchiori ◽  
Paulo Roberto Valle Bahia
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Cord Compression ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Vertebral Bodies

Spondylodiscitis represents 2%–4% of all bone infections cases. The correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment can prevent complications such as vertebral collapse and spinal cord compression, avoiding surgical procedures. The diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical and radiographic findings and confirmed by blood culture and biopsy of the disc or the vertebra. The present study was developed with Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital patients with histopathologically and microbiologically confirmed diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, submitted to magnetic resonance imaging of the affected regions. In most cases, pyogenic spondylodiscitis affects the lumbar spine. The following findings are suggestive of the diagnosis: segmental involvement; ill-defined abscesses; early intervertebral disc involvement; homogeneous vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs involvement. Tuberculous spondylodiscitis affects preferentially the thoracic spine. Most suggestive signs include: presence of well-defined and thin-walled abscess; multisegmental, subligamentous involvement; heterogeneous involvement of vertebral bodies; and relative sparing of intervertebral discs. The present pictorial essay is aimed at showing the main magnetic resonance imaging findings of pyogenic and tuberculous discitis.

Cardiovascular responses to head-stand posture

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 987-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanker Rao
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Posterior Tibial Artery ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Posterior Tibial

Reports of cardiovascular responses to head-stand posture are lacking in literature. The results of the various responses, respectively, to the supine, erect, and head-stand posture, are as follows: heart rate/min 67, 84, and 69; brachial arterial pressure mm Hg 92, 90, and 108; posterior tibial arterial pressure mm Hg 98, 196, and 10; finger blood flow ml/100 ml min 4.5, 4.4, and 5.2; toe blood flow ml/100 ml min 7.1, 8.1, and 3.4; forehead skin temperature C 34.4, 34.0 and 34.3; dorsum foot skin temperature C 28.6, 28.2, and 28.2. It is inferred that the high-pressure-capacity vessels between the heart level and posterior tibial artery have little nervous control. The high-pressure baroreceptors take active part in postural adjustments of circulation. The blood pressure equating mechanism is not as efficient when vital tissues are pooled with blood as when blood supply to them is reduced. man; heart rate; blood flow; skin temperature Submitted on January 3, 1963

Interactions of increased pO2 and pCO2 effects in producing convulsions and death in mice

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Marshall ◽  
Christian J. Lambertsen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Latent Period ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Brain Blood Flow ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Cortical Depression ◽  
Survival Time Data ◽  
Very High

In 379 mice subjected to from 1 to 11 atm. of pO2 and 0 to 304 mm Hg of pCO2 for 90 minutes, oxygen was convulsigenic at pressures greater than 3 atm. and lethal at greater than 4 atm. Carbon dioxide in 1 atm. of O2 was not convulsigenic but was lethal at very high tensions. In the presence of O2 at high pressure (OHP) small elevations of CO2 tension shortened the preconvulsive latent period, whereas CO2 tensions greater than 120 mm Hg inhibited convulsions. Survival time in OHP was shortened by the addition of CO2. An interaction between OHP and CO2 effects is suggested by both the preconvulsive latent period and survival time data. The effects of CO2 on OHP and electroshock convulsions are compared and possible reasons for differences are discussed in light of the previously demonstrated general cortical depression and inhibition of convulsions by CO2. The potentiation of OHP convulsions by low CO2 tensions is probably due to effects on brain blood flow. Although death can occur without convulsions there is a tendency for animals susceptible to convulsions to be also susceptible to the lethal properties of OHP with CO2. Submitted on July 28, 1960

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