Estrogen Supplementation Reduces Leucine Oxidation at Rest and During Moderate Intensity Endurance Exercise in Men

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S194
Author(s):  
Mazen J. Hamadeh ◽  
Michaela C. Devries ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Leucine Oxidation

IMCL area density, but not IMCL utilization, is higher in women during moderate-intensity endurance exercise, compared with men

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (6) ◽  
pp. R2336-R2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela C. Devries ◽  
Stuart A. Lowther ◽  
Alexander W. Glover ◽  
Mazen J. Hamadeh ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid ◽  
Area Density ◽  
Net Use ◽  
Before And After

Women use more fat during endurance exercise as evidenced by a lower respiratory exchange ratio (RER). The contribution of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) to lipid oxidation during endurance exercise is controversial, and studies investigating sex differences in IMCL utilization have found conflicting results. We determined the effect of sex on net IMCL use during an endurance exercise bout using an ultrastructural evaluation. Men ( n = 17) and women ( n = 19) completed 90-min cycling at 63% V̇o2peak. Biopsies were taken before and after exercise and fixed for electron microscopy to determine IMCL size, # IMCL/area, IMCL area density, and the % IMCL touching mitochondria. Women had a lower RER and carbohydrate oxidation rate and a higher lipid oxidation rate during exercise ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women had a higher # IMCL/area and IMCL area density ( P < 0.05), compared with men. Women, but not men, had a higher % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise ( P = 0.03). Exercise decreased IMCL area density ( P = 0.01), due to a decrease in the # IMCL/area ( P = 0.02). There was no sex difference in IMCL size or net use. In conclusion, women have higher IMCL area density compared with men, due to an increased # IMCL and not an increased IMCL size, as well as an increased % IMCL touching mitochondria postexercise. Endurance exercise resulted in a net decrease in IMCL density due to decreased number of IMCL, not decreased IMCL size, in both sexes.

The Influence of Exercise Modality on Training Load Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Øyvind Sandbakk ◽  
Thomas Haugen ◽  
Gertjan Ettema
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Load Management ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Exercise Modality ◽  
Speed Skating ◽  
Volume Tolerance

Purpose: To provide novel insight regarding the influence of exercise modality on training load management by (1) providing a theoretical framework for the impact of physiological and biomechanical mechanisms associated with different exercise modalities on training load management in endurance exercise and (2) comparing effort-matched low-intensity training sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports with similar energy demands. Practical Applications and Conclusions: The ability to perform endurance training with manageable muscular loads and low injury risks in different exercise modalities is influenced both by mechanical factors and by muscular state and coordination, which interrelate in optimizing power production while reducing friction and/or drag. Consequently, the choice of exercise modality in endurance training influences effort beyond commonly used external and internal load measurements and should be considered alongside duration, frequency, and intensity when managing training load. By comparing effort-matched low- to moderate-intensity sessions performed by top-level athletes in endurance sports, this study exemplifies how endurance exercise with varying modalities leads to different tolerable volumes. For example, the weight-bearing exercise and high-impact forces in long-distance running put high loads on muscles and tendons, leading to relatively low training volume tolerance. In speed skating, the flexed knee and hip position required for effective speed skating leads to occlusion of thighs and low volume tolerance. In contrast, the non-weight-bearing, low-contraction exercises in cycling or swimming allow for large volumes in the specific exercise modalities. Overall, these differences have major implications on training load management in sports.

scholarly journals Effects of resveratrol or estradiol on postexercise endothelial function in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women

2020 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-747
Author(s):  
Cemal Ozemek ◽  
Kerry L. Hildreth ◽  
Patrick J. Blatchford ◽  
K. Joseph Hurt ◽  
Rachael Bok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Acute Exercise ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
Estradiol Treatment

Regular exercise enhances endothelial function in older men, but not consistently in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women. Estradiol treatment improves basal endothelial function and restores improvements in endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, FMD) to aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women; however, estradiol treatment is controversial. Resveratrol, an estrogen receptor ligand, enhances exercise training effects on cardiovascular function and nitric oxide (NO) release in animal models, but impairs exercise training effects in men. We conducted a randomized cross-over, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study to determine whether acute (single dose) resveratrol (250-mg tablet) or estradiol (0.05 mg/day transdermal patch) treatment enhances FMD at rest and after a single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in healthy estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women ( n = 15, 58.1 ± 3.2 yr). FMD was measured before and after (30, 60, and 120 min) a 40-min bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (60–75% peak heart rate) under the respective conditions (separated by 1-2 wk). FMD was higher ( P < 0.05) before exercise and at all post-exercise time points in the resveratrol and estradiol conditions compared to placebo. FMD was increased from baseline by 120 min postexercise in the estradiol condition ( P < 0.001), but not resveratrol or PL conditions. Consistent with our previous findings, estradiol also enhances endothelial function in response to acute endurance exercise. Although resveratrol improved basal FMD, there was no apparent enhancement of FMD to acute exercise and, therefore, may not act as an estradiol mimetic. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The benefits of endurance exercise training on endothelial function are diminished in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but estradiol treatment appears to restore improvements in endothelial function in this group. We show that basal endothelial function is enhanced with both acute estradiol and resveratrol treatments in estrogen-deficient postmenopausal women, but endothelial function is only enhanced following acute endurance exercise with estradiol treatment.

Endurance exercise training attenuates leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during exercise in humans

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. E580-E587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott McKenzie ◽  
Stuart M. Phillips ◽  
Sherry L. Carter ◽  
Stuart Lowther ◽  
Martin J. Gibala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Exercise Training Program ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Exercise In Humans

We studied the effects of a 38-day endurance exercise training program on leucine turnover and substrate metabolism during a 90-min exercise bout at 60% peak O2 consumption (V˙o 2 peak) in 6 males and 6 females. Subjects were studied at both the same absolute (ABS) and relative (REL) exercise intensities posttraining. Training resulted in a significant increase in whole bodyV˙o 2 peak and skeletal muscle citrate synthase (CS; P < 0.001), complex I-III ( P < 0.05), and total branched-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (BCOAD; P < 0.001) activities. Leucine oxidation increased during exercise for the pretraining trial (PRE, P < 0.001); however, there was no increase for either the ABS or REL posttraining trial. Leucine oxidation was significantly lower for females at all time points during rest and exercise ( P < 0.01). The percentage of BCOAD in the activated state was significantly increased after exercise for both the PRE and REL exercise trials, with the increase in PRE being greater ( P < 0.001) compared with REL ( P < 0.05). Females oxidized proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate during exercise compared with males. In conclusion, we found that 38 days of endurance exercise training significantly attenuated both leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during 90 min of endurance exercise at 60%V˙o 2 peak for both ABS and REL exercise intensities. Furthermore, females oxidize proportionately more lipid and less carbohydrate compared with males during endurance exercise.

Moderate-intensity endurance exercise prevents short-term starvation-induced intramyocellular lipid accumulation but not insulin resistance

Metabolism ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1051-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jackson G. Green ◽  
Nathan A. Johnson ◽  
Toos Sachinwalla ◽  
Christopher W. Cunningham ◽  
Martin W. Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid ◽  
Short Term

Effects of endurance exercise-training on single-fiber contractile properties of insulin-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto A. Sanchez ◽  
LeAnn M. Snow ◽  
Dawn A. Lowe ◽  
Robert C. Serfass ◽  
LaDora V. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Contractile Properties ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Specific Tension ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training

The purpose of this study was to characterize the contractile properties of individual skinned muscle fibers from insulin-treated streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after an endurance exercise training program. We hypothesized that single-fiber contractile function would decrease in the diabetic sedentary rats and that endurance exercise would preserve the function. In the study, 28 rats were assigned to either a nondiabetic sedentary, a nondiabetic exercise, a diabetic sedentary, or a diabetic exercise group. Rats in the diabetic groups received subcutaneous intermediate-lasting insulin daily. The exercise-trained rats ran on a treadmill at a moderate intensity for 60 min, five times per week. After 12 wk, the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles were dissected. Single-fiber diameter, Ca2+-activated peak force, specific tension, activation threshold, and pCa50 as well as the myosin heavy chain isoform expression (MHC) were determined. We found that in MHC type II fibers from extensor digitorum longus muscle, diameters were significantly smaller from diabetic sedentary rats compared with nondiabetic sedentary rats ( P < 0.001). Among the nondiabetic rats, fiber diameters were smaller with exercise ( P = 0.038). The absolute force-generating capacity of single fibers was lower in muscles from diabetic rats. There was greater specific tension (force normalized to cross-sectional area) by fibers from the rats that followed an endurance exercise program compared with sedentary. From the results, we conclude that alterations in the properties of contractile proteins are not implicated in the decrease in strength associated with diabetes and that endurance-exercise training does not prevent or increase muscle weakness in diabetic rats.

scholarly journals Effect of Moderate-Intensity Endurance Exercise on Inflammatory Cytokines in Leukocytes of Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Hae Sung Lee ◽  
Hyun Ju Oh ◽  
Kihae Ra ◽  
Jong-Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Immune Health ◽  
Serum Biochemical ◽  
And Control

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a treadmill exercise on hematological and serum biochemical parameters and the expression of immune-related cytokine genes in leukocytes. For the experiment, six healthy adult dogs were divided into exercise and control groups. The exercise group performed an endurance exercise three times a week for four weeks. Blood samples were collected before exercise, two weeks after exercise, and post-exercise, and hematological and serum biochemical analysis and cytokine gene analysis were conducted. In the exercise group, white blood cell count (WBC), aspartate aminotransferase, serum alkaline phosphatase, and glucose levels were significantly decreased, but there was no change in the control group. The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-4 was significantly decreased in the exercise group compared to the control group. There was no difference in IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 mRNA expression between groups. The results in the current study demonstrate that short-term moderate-intensity endurance exercise alters WBC levels and mRNA cytokine expression in leukocytes and may have a meaningful effect on immune health in dogs.

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