Previous measurement of insulin in human muscle has shown that interstitial muscle insulin and glucose concentrations are ∼30–50% lower than in plasma during hyperinsulinemia in normal subjects. The aims of this study were to measure interstitial muscle insulin and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes to evaluate whether transcapillary transport is part of the peripheral insulin resistance. Ten patients with type 2 diabetes and ten healthy controls matched for sex, age, and body mass index were investigated. Plasma and interstitial insulin, glucose, and lactate (measured by intramuscular in situ-calibrated microdialysis) in the medial quadriceps femoris muscle were analyzed during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Blood flow in the contralateral calf was measured by vein plethysmography. At steady-state clamping, at 60–120 min, the interstitial insulin concentration was significantly lower than arterial insulin in both groups (409 ± 86 vs. 1,071 ± 99 pmol/l, P < 0.05, in controls and 584 ± 165 vs. 1,253 ± 82 pmol/l, P < 0.05, in diabetic subjects, respectively). Interstitial insulin concentrations did not differ significantly between diabetic subjects and controls. Leg blood flow was significantly higher in controls (8.1 ± 1.2 vs. 4.4 ± 0.7 ml · 100 g−1· min−1in diabetics, P < 0.05). Calculated glucose uptake was less in diabetic patients compared with controls (7.0 ± 1.2 vs. 10.8 ± 1.2 μmol · 100 g−1· min−1, P < 0.05, respectively). Arterial and interstitial lactate concentrations were both higher in the control group (1.7 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1, P < 0.01, and 1.8 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l, P < 0.05, in controls and diabetics, respectively). We conclude that, during hyperinsulinemia, muscle interstitial insulin and glucose concentrations did not differ between patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy controls despite a significantly lower leg blood flow in diabetic subjects. It is suggested that decreased glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance at the cellular level rather than by a deficient access of insulin and glucose surrounding the muscle cell.
Whole body vibration training improves leg blood flow and adiposity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
