scholarly journals The Network Structure of International Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 3600-3634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Chaney
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
International Network ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Novel Theory ◽  
Trade Frictions ◽  
Dynamic Formation

Motivated by empirical evidence I uncover on the dynamics of French firms' exports, I offer a novel theory of trade frictions. Firms export only into markets where they have a contact. They search directly for new trading partners, but also use their existing network of contacts to search remotely for new partners. I characterize the dynamic formation of an international network of exporters in this model. Structurally, I estimate this model on French data and confirm its predictions regarding the distribution of the number of foreign markets accessed by exporters and the geographic distribution of exports. (JEL D85, F11, F14, L24)

Bilateral Treaties and The Most-Favored-Nation Clause: The Myth of Trade Liberalization in the Nineteenth Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Accominotti ◽  
Marc Flandreau
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
The World ◽  
Most Favored Nation Clause ◽  
Bilateral Treaties

Textbook accounts of the Anglo-French trade agreement of 1860 argue that it heralded the beginning of a liberal trading order. This alleged success holds much interest from a modern policy point of view, for it rested on bilateral negotiations and most-favored-nation clauses. With the help of new data on international trade (the RICardo database), the authors provide empirical evidence and find that the treaty and subsequent network of MFN trade agreements coincided with the end of a period of unilateral liberalization across the world. They also find that it did not contribute to expanding trade at all. This is contrary to a deeply rooted belief among economists, economic historians, and political scientists. The authors draw a number of policy lessons that run counter to the conventional wisdom and raise skepticism toward the ability of bilateralism and MFN arrangements to promote trade liberalization.

Circumvention and Anti-Circumvention: Rising Protectionism in Australia

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-522
Author(s):  
WEIHUAN ZHOU
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trading Partners

AbstractThe article discusses circumvention and anti-circumvention in international trade with a focus on Australia's anti-circumvention mechanism and in particular the first anti-circumvention investigation in Australia. It identifies the major issues relating to circumvention and anti-circumvention in the GATT/WTO negotiations which have led to the failure of WTO members to conclude uniform rules on anti-circumvention. The article argues that multilateral anti-circumvention rules are necessary to standardize national anti-circumvention laws and practice and discipline unilateral use of anti-circumvention measures. The article further argues that Australia's anti-circumvention law and practice, as reflected in its first anti-circumvention investigation, may have violated WTO rules and is likely to lead to increasing protectionism to cost of WTO members and Australia's FTA trading partners. Australia's unjustified use of anti-circumvention measures is unlikely to foster the development of its import-competing industries and may provoke retaliation by other countries.

scholarly journals Trade Flower and IPR Protection: A Dynamic Analysis Of the Experience of ASEAN-6 Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Yoon Heo ◽  
Nguyen Khanh Doanh
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Dynamic Modelling ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Asean Countries ◽  
Ipr Protection

This paper examines the impacts of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in foreign markets on ASEAN countries' exports for the period 2005 - 2010 using a dyanamic panel data model, which allows us to account for persistence effect. In order to solve the inconsistency of OLS in a dynamic modelling, we opt for the system GMM estimator because it helps researchers overcome the problems of serial correlation,heteroskedasticity, and enogeneity for some explanator variables. Our reselts are robust and summarized as follows. first, reinfoced IPR protection in foreign countries has a positive effect on ASEAN'S exports, indicating the dominance of market expansion effect. Second, regardless of the level of economic development in importing countries, stronger IPR protection induces ASEAN's exports to foreign countries. Third, the trade impacts of IPR protection are strongest in high-income trading partners, followed by medium-income,and finally, low-income partner countries. Fourth,at the sectoral level, the effect of IPR protection is found to be the strongest for capital-intensive exports to highly developed countries.

Establishment of an early warning system for international trade tensions in the Heilongjiang province of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
An Zhao Zhen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
General Importance ◽  
Strategic Issue ◽  
Trade Frictions ◽  
The Impact

In 2020, the global economic and trading environment has undergone major changes due to the impact of the global epidemic of the COVID-19. It is not only the world economy that has seriously suffered, protectionism in international trade is growing, and economic and trade frictions between countries with many factors have sharply worsened. Faced with a new situation and new challenges, accelerating the construction of an early warning system for international trade conflicts in Heilongjiang Province has become an important strategic issue of general importance.

scholarly journals Revising Emission Responsibilities through Consumption-Based Accounting: A European and Post-Brexit Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Fezzigna ◽  
Simone Borghesi ◽  
Dario Caro
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Traded Goods ◽  
The World ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

International trade shifts production of a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions embodied in traded goods from the importing country to the exporting country. The European Union (EU) plays a prominent role in the flow of international-related emissions as it accounts for the second largest share of global exports and imports of goods. Consumption-based accountings (CBA) emerged as alternative to the traditional emission inventories based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. According to the IPCC criteria, countries where products are consumed take no responsibility for the emissions produced by exporter countries, thus neglecting the emissions embodied in trade. By taking this aspect into account, CBA are considered of great importance in revealing emissions attributed to the final consumer. Using a CBA approach, this paper evaluates the impact of international trade in the EU in terms of CO2 emissions, looking both at the internal trade flows within the EU-28 and at the external trade flows between the EU and the rest of the world during the period 2012–2015. We find that the EU is a net importer of emissions as its emissions due to consumption exceed those due to production. In particular, in 2015 the ratio between import- and export-embodied emissions was more than 3:1 for the EU-28 that imported 1317 Mt CO2 from the rest of the world (mainly from China and Russia) while exporting only 424 Mt CO2. Concerning emissions flows among EU countries, Germany represents the largest importer, followed by the UK. To get a deeper understanding on possible environmental implications of Brexit on UK emission responsibilities, the paper also advances a few hypotheses on how trade flows could change based on the existing trade patterns of the UK. Data analysis shows that a 10% shift of UK imports from EU partners to its main non-EU trading partners (India, China, and US) would increase its emission responsibility by 5%. The increase in UK emission responsibility would more than double (+11%) in case of a 30% shift of UK imports. Similar results would apply if UK replaced its current EU partners with its main Commonwealth trading partners as a result of Brexit.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONALISATION OF SMES AND SIMULTANEOUS STRATEGIES OF COOPERATION AND COMPETITION: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1114-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio GALDEANO-GÓMEZ ◽  
Juan C. PEREZ-MESA ◽  
José A. AZNAR-SÁNCHEZ
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Marketing Activity ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Positive Effect

The present work examines the relationships between SMEs’ marketing internationalisation and the combination of cooperation and competition strategies, i.e. co-opetition. Recent analyses have shown that the SMEs’ exports capabilities are highly dependent on co-opetition, while others suggest that the challenges of international supply chain constitute a major driver to this combination. This analysis contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on both of these issues. A multivariate regression analysis is developed, measuring variables of SMEs’ co-opetition and international activity, and taking as reference a set of 136 Andalusian food exporters. The results confirm the positive effect of strategies of cooperation with competitors (regarding logistics, promotion, quality and R&D) on international marketing activity. This positive effect is enhanced when large retailers are the main buyers, i.e. in hierarchical relationships. Furthermore, exporting activity is shown to promote co-opetition among suppliers. These findings highlight the importance of such strategies as regards both export capabilities of the food firms in this region and their expansion into new foreign markets. The empirical approach and certain implications drawn from the results can be extended to other analyses on SMEs in international contexts.

Sentiment toward Trading Partners and International Trade

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-327
Author(s):  
Edward M Feasel ◽  
Nobuyuki Kanazawa
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trading Partners

How to Use a Fundamental Discovery in Physics: The Early Days of Electron Diffraction

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Technological Research ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Theory

ArgumentThe discovery of electron diffraction by George Paget Thomson in Aberdeen and Clinton J. Davisson and Lester H. Germer at the Bell Labs has often been portrayed as an example of independent discovery. Neither team was particularly interested in the developments of the nascent quantum theory but they both ended up demonstrating one of the most striking experimental consequences of the new physics. This paper traces the aftermath of this discovery and the way electron diffraction immediately turned from empirical evidence of a highly novel theory into a technique for applied and technological research. Thomson was the first to design an “electron diffraction camera,” an instrument that soon found its place in laboratories around the world. I discuss the role played by Davisson and Germer, and by Thomson in the development of electron diffraction as a “research technology,” taking into account their specific institutional settings and research cultures. While Davisson and Germer remained in the industry-oriented Bell Labs, Thomson moved to Imperial College in 1930 where collaboration first, and competition later with George I. Finch was also relevant for the consolidation of an instrument that eventually became widely known as the “Finch Camera.”

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