scholarly journals How Do Patents Affect Follow-On Innovation? Evidence from the Human Genome

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaven Sampat ◽  
Heidi L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Gene Patents ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
The Us ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Average Gene

We investigate whether patents on human genes have affected follow-on scientific research and product development. Using administrative data on successful and unsuccessful patent applications submitted to the US Patent and Trademark Office, we link the exact gene sequences claimed in each application with data measuring follow-on scientific research and commercial investments. Using these data, we document novel evidence of selection into patenting: patented genes appear more valuable—prior to being patented— than non-patented genes. This evidence of selection motivates two quasi-experimental approaches, both of which suggest that on average gene patents have had no quantitatively important effect on follow-on innovation. (JEL I10, O31, O34)

Gene Patents—A Pharmaceutical Perspective

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK L. TRIBBLE
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Dna Fragments ◽  
Gene Patents ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Commercial Value

The decade-long debate over ownership of living human materials has recently intensified with the ability of biomedical research to isolate, purify, and use human genes and gene products as therapeutics, factories for the production of therapeutics, and targets for the identification of therapeutic pharmaceuticals. Indeed, advances in genomic research have resulted in the identification of hundreds of thousands of DNA fragments and hundreds of genes. Many within the scientific and business communities believe genes and gene fragments have commercial value and have filed patent applications on the nucleic acid sequences. This commercialization has amplified the discussion surrounding the ethics of patenting genes and the ownership of the human genome.

Asset recovery in corruption cases

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Leasure
Keyword(s):  
Vice President ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Case Study Analysis ◽  
Asset Recovery ◽  
The Us ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Republic

Purpose – Asset recovery proceedings increasingly target corrupt foreign officials who acquire lavish assets as a result of capital gained through criminal acts. One extremely difficult issue arising in asset recovery proceedings is whether the capital used to acquire the assets can be traced to a criminal act. The purpose of this paper is to critique US tracing procedure through comparative analysis. Design/methodology/approach – A prominent series of cases brought by the USA and France against assets owned by Teodoro “Teodorín” Nguema Obiang, second Vice President of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, produced mixed results on the tracing element. This paper utilizes a qualitative comparative case analysis to examine the US and French cases. Findings – The US results reflect serious weaknesses in the US law as compared to more effective French asset recovery procedure. Originality/value – Though this paper is certainly a comparative case study analysis, nearly identical facts and two different jurisdictions reaching separate conclusions bring us in the legal community as close as we can realistically come to quasi-experimental research. Comparative research in this area is severely lacking and sorely needed. The mechanisms identified in the French system clearly show flaws that are present in the US system.

Publics, Scientists and the State: Mapping the Global Human Genome Editing Controversy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Ya-Wen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Controversies ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
National Expert ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Literature on scientific controversies has inadequately attended to the impact of globalization and, more specifically, the emergence of China as a leader in scientific research. To bridge this gap in the literature, this article develops a theoretical framework to analyse global scientific controversies surrounding research in China. The framework highlights the existence of four overlapping discursive arenas: China's national public sphere and national expert sphere, the transnational public sphere and the transnational expert sphere. It then examines the struggles over inclusion/exclusion and publicity within these spheres as well as the within- and across-sphere effects of such struggles. Empirically, the article analyses the human genome editing controversy surrounding research conducted by scientists in China between 2015 and 2019. It shows how elite scientists negotiated expert–public relationships within and across the national and transnational expert spheres, how unexpected disruption at the nexus of the four spheres disrupted expert–public relationships as envisioned by elite experts, and how the Chinese state intervened to redraw the boundary between openness and secrecy at both national and transnational levels.

scholarly journals Early supplier integration in the US defense industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Lane Cohee ◽  
Jeff Barrows ◽  
Rob Handfield
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
Supplier Management ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Supplier Integration ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Each year, the US defense industry outsources nearly $400 bn of domestic goods and services through competitive bids. These procurement activities are quite often complex and specialized in nature because of a highly regulated federal acquisition contracting environment. Ongoing calls to improve supplier management and drive innovation in the defense industry offers an opportunity to adopt Early Supplier Integration (ESI) initiatives that have proven successful in the private sector. This paper identifies critical ESI activities and acquisition practices that the defense industry should adopt to ensure enhanced effectiveness in new product development. Design/methodology/approach Leveraging a conceptual ESI model derived from the research, an in-depth case study of 12 product development projects from a major defense contractor was performed. In the context of project performance, critical ESI activities and moderating effects were assessed. Findings Three key ESI activities have the greatest impact on aggregate project performance: system design involvement, design adjustment opportunities and design for manufacturability/assembly/testability involvement. Use of formal supplier agreements also significantly impacts project performance during the development phase. In addition, project complexity and product team maturity were identified as environment moderators; higher complexity projects tended to negatively moderate the impact of ESI upon performance, and higher team maturity levels tended to positively moderate the impact of ESI upon performance. Originality/value The results provide a sound framework for empirical validation through future quantitative studies and defense industry analyses. In addition, insights and recommendations for interpretation and adaptation of federal acquisition regulations to allow increased utilization of ESI within the defense industry are substantiated.

scholarly journals 3D Surface Digitization in Scientific Research and Product Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 (02) ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Abhinav Sood ◽  
Varsha Dogra ◽  
Gayatri Pathmanathan
Keyword(s):  
Product Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
3D Surface
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