Publics, Scientists and the State: Mapping the Global Human Genome Editing Controversy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Ya-Wen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Human Genome ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Controversies ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
National Expert ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Literature on scientific controversies has inadequately attended to the impact of globalization and, more specifically, the emergence of China as a leader in scientific research. To bridge this gap in the literature, this article develops a theoretical framework to analyse global scientific controversies surrounding research in China. The framework highlights the existence of four overlapping discursive arenas: China's national public sphere and national expert sphere, the transnational public sphere and the transnational expert sphere. It then examines the struggles over inclusion/exclusion and publicity within these spheres as well as the within- and across-sphere effects of such struggles. Empirically, the article analyses the human genome editing controversy surrounding research conducted by scientists in China between 2015 and 2019. It shows how elite scientists negotiated expert–public relationships within and across the national and transnational expert spheres, how unexpected disruption at the nexus of the four spheres disrupted expert–public relationships as envisioned by elite experts, and how the Chinese state intervened to redraw the boundary between openness and secrecy at both national and transnational levels.

scholarly journals The Sacrosanctity of the Holocaust and its Influence on Judaism and the State of Israel

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-247
Author(s):  
Victoria Nesfield
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
The State ◽  
Christian Church ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Holocaust Memory ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Impact ◽  
State Of Israel

The Holocaust maintains a status of inviolability in the Christian religious public sphere and also the mainstream media. The scale, gravity and sheer atrocity of the Holocaust still commands a response. The article argues that questions demanded by the Holocaust of the Christian church and the free world’s passivity in the face of genocide, led to a Christian support for the State of Israel driven by guilt and a sense of moral obligation which side-lined the impact of the State on the Palestinian people. With the Israel-Palestine conflict in its seventh decade, the imperative to overcome the hegemony of Holocaust memory is more urgent than ever. Seventy years after the Holocaust, its legacy in public and theological memory dominates questions of Judaism within the polity and the State of Israel. Two legal cases, which attracted media attention, illustrate how Holocaust memory is evoked in response to questions of Jewish practice in the European polity. Two further examples demonstrate how the pernicious influence of Holocaust memory and rhetoric colour responses to criticism of the State of Israel.

scholarly journals A Brief Review of the Institutional Impact of Political-Criminal Alliances: In Search of a Suitable Theoretical Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Diego Alejandro Domínguez Mejía
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Public Servants ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Political Impact ◽  
Institutional Impact ◽  
Systemic Corruption ◽  
The Impact

Criminal organizations are capable to make political connections with public servants at different levels (i.e., local, national and transnational). This article provides a review of the literature on the power of the political-criminal alliances to affect the democratic institutions of the State. It also seeks to provide a theoretical framework appropriate to evaluate the impact level that the partnering between criminals and public servants has on the state’s scaffolding. The academic work by some experts in criminology has examined the different political impacts that such alliances imply, which includes problems associated with the decay of the criminal judicial system and the creation of impunity umbrellas. However, to date, this research has not provided a theoretical and methodological framework enough to evaluate and measure the true impact of the political-criminal alliances on the state’s institutions. Just a few scholars from different fields such as the economics and political science have based their researches on set of theories of systemic corruption and network theories in order to measure the political impact that groups outside the law have on the state. This review stresses the importance of these theoretical concepts in order to evaluate the impact of the political-criminal alliances on the institutions, and provides recommendations for future empirical researches and to set out new theories within the same field.

scholarly journals Innovative Development Path of State-owned Economy - Evidence Based on The Impact of COVID-19 on The Development of Chinese State-owned Industrial Enterprises and Their Post-epidemic Recovery from Financial Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 275 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Qinyuan Li ◽  
Shijie Tan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Arima Model ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Chinese State ◽  
The Impact

Since the spread of the COVID-19, State-owned industrial enterprise have faced many problems such as industrial and supply chain breaks, shutdowns and insufficient production capacity, which are common in the state-owned economy. Financial indicators can often better dig out the economic problems behind them, so we screened 20 relevant composite financial indicators including asset yield, return stability, debt solvency, cumulative profitability, liquidity, capitalization, and scale. After correlation analysis, a significant “Operating income growth rate” indicator was obtained and the ARIMA model was used to predict and compared the results with the actual value. During the first and second outbreaks of the COVID-19, its influence path is to affect the supply and demand of the production, then affect the financial status. The negative impact gradually weakened after March 2020. During the second outbreak in July 2020, the State-owned industrial enterprises were the most negatively affected then gradually recovered. After analysis, we found that the innovation of Chinese state-owned economy, due to its special status in the economy, emergency management and its role in the supply chain and industrial chain should be emphasized. The innovation of the state-owned economy will play an important role in promoting economic innovation.

scholarly journals State and civil society in Egypt: 2011-2015

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Mostafa Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Game

Purpose This study aims to investigate the nature of the relationship between the state and civil society after the 2011 uprising. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted Mygdal’s approach to analyze the relationship between the state and civil society and identify their ability to control the rules of the political game. The study also draws on the theoretical framework of the hypotheses introduced by a number of scholars on the forms of potential relations between the state and civil society, and the impact of these forms on advancing the process of democratization. Findings This study argues that despite some important changes in favor of civil society vis-à-vis the state, it is too early to conclude that a dramatic change has occurred in this relationship, due to a discernable unbalanced power in favor of the state. The state revealed after 2011 that these organizations acted against the state’s stability and against its fundamentals. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this research is the first to study the relationship between the state and the civil society in Egypt after 2011 events.

scholarly journals The new paradigm of designing construction composites to protect the human environment

Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1241-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery S. Lesovik ◽  
Ekaterina V. Fomina
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The State ◽  
High Tech ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The negative effects of the environment is increasingly reflected in the health of the human. With the development of nature-like technologies, the main task of scientists around the world is to create comfortable conditions for human existence on the Earth. This primarily relates to the construction industry, as materials for 80 to 90 % of his/her life surround the human. The purpose of the work is to develop the fundamental foundations for creating new generation composites to protect the human environment based on transdisciplinary approaches, including the theoretical principles of geonics (geomimetics). Materials and methods. The work was based on the study and analysis of published sources and personal experience. The new paradigm of science is based on transdisciplinary research with transferring cognitive patterns between disciplines. To test the results of theoretical studies, high-tech equipment and modern research methods, such as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, scanning and atomic force microscopy, IR spectral analysis, thermal analysis methods, etc. were used at the Shared-Use Center on the base of BSTU named after V.G. Shukhov, Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, RAS Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics named after V.A. Kotelnikov and NIISF RAASN. Results. Generalized view of innovative practical and scientific activity allowed formulating the problems of innovative development of construction materials science, where the main constraint is the lack of use of available knowledge from various fields of science, such as physics, chemistry, crystal chemistry, mineralogy, etc. in terms of transdisciplinarity. The focus is on the multi-component materials, which are designed on the base of the synergism of different physical and chemical parameters. Conclusions. Transdisciplinary nature of new science-intensive research allows solving complex problems in the traditional, allied and new fields of science, more efficient using natural, energy and financial resources, as well as facilitates the development of new paradigms of engineering. Implementation of such approaches has already yielded to obtain a new generation of composites protecting people from the impact of aggressive environmental factors and will enable innovative breakthroughs in the future. Acknowledgements. The research was realized owing to the resources of the State Programme of the Russian Federation “Development of Sciences and Technologies” for the years 2013 to 2020, the Programme of fundamental scientific research of the State Academies of Sciences for the years 2013 to 2020, within the framework of the Plan of fundamental scientific research of the Ministry of Construction Industry, Housing and Utilities Sector of the Russian Federation and Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Topic 7.5.1.; a reference university development programme based on BSTU named after V.G. Shoukhov with use of equipment of the High Technology Center at BSTU named after V.G. Shoukhov.

scholarly journals LAW IN DIGITAL REALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanna Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Doctrinal Development ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

The Problem setting. Due to the rapid development of digital technologies, the issue of status settlement and the use of artificial intelligence technologies is especially relevant. This fact indicates the need and importance of finding answers to the question and aims to intensify and unite the efforts of the scientific community to address relevant issues. One of the areas of scientific research is the doctrinal development of new phenomena and processes that have arisen and are taking place in the state and legal sphere under the influence of digitalization of economics, management and law. The tasks of scientific research are to comprehend the impact of the digitization process on the state and legal sphere of society; law as such; assessment of the transformations that are taking place and identification of trends in their dynamics; forecasting the state of these phenomena in the future; formulation of fundamental and applied problems of legal science in terms of doctrinal development of the laws of development and functioning of law, state and legal sphere of society in the conditions of digital reality, determination of approaches to their solution. Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent research and publications shows that scientific research on this issue is carried out mainly within the economic, political, computer, legal sciences, although the problems and prospects of digitization of law require a deep and thorough philosophical, including philosophical and legal understanding. The rapid development of new technologies, in particular artificial intelligence technologies, the Internet of Things, cloud technologies, etc., is contributing to changes in current legislation. Today, advanced economies are already pondering the question of regulating the status and use of AI technologies. While these are only the first bold steps, in the future, all of these can affect global changes in the legal system - perhaps full-fledged comprehensive institutions of law, even the branches of law. Paper objectiv. The purpose of this article is a philosophical and legal understanding of the impact of digitalization on the state and legal sphere of society and law as such. Paper main body. One of the practical aspects of digitalization is the manifestation of the state’s ability to provide various services. If necessary, citizens receive certificates, records, statements, responses to electronic inquiries, electronic payments. Other practical aspects, provided that these technologies are used wisely, can improve welfare in education, public safety, and health. In addition, digital imaging can also help address common global issues, such as climate change and greater access to health care and mobility. At the same time, according to many researchers, along with the benefits of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence, new types of ethical issues are being raised, namely compliance with legal ethics standards by artificial intelligence systems and justice, the most important of which are respect for human rights and democratic values. , as well as the danger of transferring prejudices from the analog to the digital world. Researchers have linked the legal challenges of using artificial intelligence technologies in legal practice to a number of issues. In particular, with such as: ensuring data confidentiality; access to confidential law enforcement information; lack of regulatory framework for the use of artificial intelligence systems in legal practice; protection of intellectual property; risk assessment of the use of artificial intelligence systems by a lawyer when working with a client; other potential problems of lawyer’s liability; dangers of unauthorized access and modification of artificial intelligence systems by attackers; damage to artificial intelligence systems by malicious virus programs; violation of the terms of providing advice from artificial intelligence systems in case of technical problems, etc. Therefore, the development of systems that transparently use artificial intelligence and are responsible for their results is critical. Artificial intelligence systems must function properly and safely. According to experts, the unresolved in Ukraine of many political and legal issues related to the rapid development of the information and communication sphere with the advent of digital technologies has become dangerous. It is obvious that the transformations in society associated with these processes require new approaches to the development of national policies for the digitalization of society, which should be based on international agreements. Due to these transformations, there is a need to develop strategic documents that will regulate this area. These documents should be flexible and designed to take into account the maximum amount of data, as well as ensure the free development of innovative technologies and prevent possible risks. Issues of development of the digital economy and society of Ukraine do not fully meet today’s conditions, not enough account is taken of the transformations that have emerged and are currently taking place both in law and in the field of legal regulation under the influence of digitalization. Digital technologies are able to change the image of law, to influence its regulatory potential and efficiency, to open the way or to block its action in new dimensions of social reality. Traditional rather than digital vision of law, legal technologies and certain types of legal activity by legislators is a consequence of the lack of relevant scientific developments that will identify and explain the impact of the digitization process on the law and the legal sphere of society. The practical need for this kind of research is now greater than ever. In order to satisfy it, scientists should intensify work in this direction. Conclusions of the research. The new digital reality puts forward new requirements for legal science and legal practice, including the development of effective tools and models of legal regulation of various spheres of public life. In modern conditions, law becomes not only a means, a tool that provides digitalization of the economy, government and other segments of social life, but also the object of digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, the contradiction between the need for quality both in terms of form and content of regulations, as well as the ability to meet it in a short time. The task of the state is both to provide favorable conditions conducive to digitalization and to create opportunities for their implementation.

Untangling the Promises of Human Genome Editing

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Drabiak
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Curative Therapy ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Fertility Clinic ◽  
The Impact

This article traces the rapid progression of policy pertaining to human genome germline modifications using genome editing. It provides an overview of how one fertility physician implemented and advertised experimental techniques as part of his fertility clinic services, examines US law and policy, and assesses the impact of rhetoric influencing global policy and interpretation of the law. This article provides an in-depth examination of the medical rationale driving the acceptance of genome editing human embryos in two contexts: to cure disease and treat infertility. It describes complexities in genomics and outlines risks currently associated with genome editing, asserting the available evidence fails to demonstrate genome editing constitutes a curative therapy.

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